1 . It is that time of the year, when a handful of world’s leading scholars, social activists and researchers are rewarded with what is often cited as the most prestigious acknowledgement of human effort-the Nobel Prize. Here’s a look at who has won the prize and for what.
Physiology or Medicine
Swedish geneticist Svante Peabo won the first Nobel of the year, for starting the field of ancient DNA studies. He is well-known for extracting, sequencing, and analyzing ancient DNA from Neanderthal bones.
Physics
Alain Aspect, John F. Clauser and Anton Zeilinger’s work in quantum (量子) technology landed them the second Nobel Prize announced in 2022. Although Aspect is from France, Clauser from the U.S, and Zeilinger from Austria, the three separately performed “groundbreaking experiments” as one team. “Their results have cleared the way for new technology,” the committee stated.
Chemistry
The Nobel Prize for chemistry went to another trio, Carolyn R. Bertozzi from the U.S., Morten Meldal from Denmark and K. Barry Sharpless from the U.S. “for the development of click chemistry and biorthogonal chemistry,” the committee stated. Dr. Bertozzi is the eighth woman chemist to be awarded the prize, while Dr. Sharpless is the fifth scientist to be awarded two Nobel Prizes.
Economics
The Prize in Economic Sciences was awarded to three American economists, Ben S. Bernanke, Douglas W. Diamond and Philip H. Dybvig “for research on banks and financial crises,” the Nobel Prize committee announced on Monday. By studying the history of American economics, particularly the Great Depression of the 1930s,they improved how we understand the role of banks during times of hardship and the bank’s impact on societal functions.
1. What prize is related to the research with bones?| A．Physiology. | B．Chemistry. | C．Physics. | D．Economics. |
| A．About societal functions. | B．About the history of America. |
| C．About banks and financial crises. | D．About the Great Depression of the 1930s. |
| A．Their winners are from different countries. | B．They have three winners. |
| C．They improve new technology. | D．They help people understand hardship. |
2 . For the past five years, Paula Smith, a historian of science, has devoted herself to re-creating long-forgotten techniques. While doing research for her new book, she came across a 16th-century French manuscript（手稿）consisting of nearly 1,000 sets of instructions, covering subjects from tool making to finding the best sand.
The author's intention remains as mysterious（神秘）as his name; he may have been simply taking notes for his own records. But Smith was struck mainly by the fact that she didn't truly grasp any of the skills the author described. "You simply can't get an understanding of that handwork by reading about it," she says.
Though Smith did get her hands on the best sand, doing things the old-fashioned way isn't just about playing around with French mud. Reconstructing the work of the craftsmen（工匠）who lived centuries ago can reveal how they viewed the world, what objects filled their homes, and what went on in the workshops that produced them. It can even help solve present-day problems: In 2015, scientists discovered that a 10th-century English medicine for eve problems could kill a drug-resistant virus.
The work has also brought insights for museums, Smith says. One must know how an object was made in order to preserve it. What's more, reconstructions might be the only way to know what treasures looked like before time wore them down. Scholars have seen this idea in practice with ancient Greek and Roman statues. These sculptures were painted a rainbow of striking colours. We can't appreciate these kinds of details without seeing works of art as they originally appeared-something Smith believes you can do only when you have a road map.
Smith has put the manuscript's ideas into practice. Her final goal is to link the worlds of art and science back together: She believes that bringing the old recipes to life can help develop a kind of learning that highlights experimentation, teamwork, and problem solving.
Back when science—then called “the new philosophy”—took shape, academics looked to craftsmen for help in understanding the natural world. Microscopes and telescopes were invented by way of artistic tinkering（修补）, as craftsmen experimented with glass to better bend light.
If we can rediscover the values of hands-on experience and craftwork, Smith says, we can marry the best of our modern insights with the handiness of our ancestors.
1. How did Smith, feel after reading the French manuscript?| A．Confused about the technical terms. |
| B．Impressed with its detailed instructions. |
| C．Discouraged by its complex structure. |
| D．Shocked for her own lack of hand skills. |
| A．restore old workshops | B．understand the craftsmen |
| C．improve visual effects | D．inspire the philosophers |
| A．To reveal the beauty of ancient objects. |
| B．To present the findings of old science. |
| C．To highlight the importance of antiques. |
| D．To emphasise the values of hand skills. |
| A．Craftsmen Set the Trends for Artists |
| B．Craftsmanship Leads to New Theories |
| C．Craftsmanship Makes Better Scientists |
| D．Craftsmen Reshape the Future of Science |
3 . Virtually, there is nothing that man cannot do. Only what he has to do is keep doing and doing without being discouraged. Success will come someday or other, though it may apparently be the conception about something that it cannot be done.
What the world-famous scientist Sir Isaac Newton had done by twelve years’ constant hard work was burnt out by his pet dog. But that could not discourage him a little.
All the great men in history have written their names in golden letters by means of perseverance.
| A．Every action has its reaction. |
| B．It is a unique precondition to success in life. |
| C．In human life, perseverance plays a very important role. |
| D．Their success will always remain as perfect examples to us. |
| E．Columbus has left us an adventurous story of perseverance. |
| F．The task that is easily done at the first attempt is undoubtedly very easy. |
| G．He was able to do it again through years of hard work and perseverance. |
Tu Youyou was awarded with Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine in 2015, because she has discovered artemisinin, which
Born in Ningbo, China, she graduated
Though Tu’s team tested dried wormwood leaves and tried the liquid obtained by
Tu owed the honor to the efforts of a team and she felt it
5 . William Thomson
William Thomson was born on 26 June, 1824 in Belfast. He was taught by his father, a professor of mathematics. In 1832, the family moved to Glasgow where Thomson attended university at the age of 10, then studied at Cambridge and Paris Universities. In 1846 he became professor of natural philosophy in Glasgow, a post he
In Glasgow, Thomson
Throughout his work Thomson’s main goal was the practical use of science. He achieved
Thomson was raised to the noblemen with the
| A．sought | B．confirmed | C．admired | D．held |
| A．took up | B．broke up | C．set up | D．blew up |
| A．fields | B．countries | C．labs | D．colleges |
| A．In spite of | B．Except for | C．Together with | D．Regardless of |
| A．command | B．condition | C．contract | D．concept |
| A．learners | B．pioneers | C．competitors | D．leaders |
| A．important | B．obvious | C．fortunate | D．positive |
| A．for | B．with | C．after | D．on |
| A．wealth | B．fame | C．contribution | D．enthusiasm |
| A．considered | B．attracted | C．employed | D．accused |
| A．hobby | B．desire | C．success | D．interest |
| A．operate | B．invent | C．control | D．produce |
| A．lit | B．built | C．decorated | D．equipped |
| A．title | B．name | C．honor | D．award |
| A．preserved | B．respected | C．admitted | D．buried |
6 . The world has lost one of its brightest stars. British physicist Stephen Hawking dies on March 14， 2018， at the age of 76.
Hawking is probably the worlds most famous scientist after Albert Einstein. He is an expert on black holes and the Big Bang Theory. He has devoted his whole life to digging into the beginning (and the end) of the universe. His 1988 book A Brief History of Time， which contains his understanding of the universe， is one of the biggest-selling science books of all time.
“My goal is simple，” Hawking once said. “It is to completely understand the universe， why it is as it is and why it is there at all.”
Hawkings achievements are even greater if you think about his disability. When he was 21， Hawking caught a bad illness that slowly stopped him from moving or talking. For a period of time， he had no way to communicate except by blinking (眨眼). Later he sat on a wheelchair with a computer by his side. To communicate， he moved two fingers to control the computers mouse. He selected his words from the screen， which were then spoken by a voice synthesizer (語音合成器).
“I have had the disease for most of my life，” Hawking once said. “Yet it has not stopped me from being successful at my work.”
Though Hawking was a disabled man， he made great achievements. He received many awards and prizes for his work during his lifetime. This included winning the Albert Einstein Award， which stands for the highest achievement in theoretical physics.
Despite the fact that hes no longer with us， his legacy will surely live on. As Sajid Javid， a UK government minister， put it， “A brief history on Earth; an eternity in the stars.”
1. What is the black holes and the Big Bang Theory about?| A．The physics. | B．The stars. | C．The universe. | D．The time. |
| A．The universe. | B．The earth. | C．The goal. | D．The black hole. |
| A．Hawking received many awards and prizes except the Albert Einstein Award. |
| B．The illness kept him from moving and talking. |
| C．He communicated with others by speaking. |
| D．The illness stopped him from being successful. |
| A．The history of the earth is too short. |
| B．The stars in the universe are eternal. |
| C．His book A Brief History of Time is too short. |
| D．His spirit and achievements will live on forever. |
Stephen Hawking, one of the most famous and
Hawking first became a household name when he still walked
8 . The Cambridge University Library in Britain received a “gift” in early March. 2022. Someone
The university talked about the
British investigators notified police around the world, and a
Cambridge University Librarian Jessica Gardner said she was
The notebooks will be on
| A．presented | B．left | C．provided | D．abandoned |
| A．satisfied | B．interested | C．renowned | D．devoted |
| A．gifts | B．bags | C．works | D．notebooks |
| A．incident | B．amusement | C．librarian | D．conflict |
| A．covered | B．taken | C．photographed | D．copied |
| A．destroyed | B．surviving | C．buried | D．missing |
| A．hidden | B．removed | C．stolen | D．purchased |
| A．search | B．research | C．conservation | D．trial |
| A．changed | B．claimed | C．returned | D．offered |
| A．belonged to | B．led to | C．appealed to | D．resulted to |
| A．concerned | B．embarrassed | C．anxious | D．relieved |
| A．equal | B．home | C．reduced | D．limited |
| A．balance | B．public | C．display | D．disgrace |
| A．look into | B．respond to | C．happen to | D．prepare for |
| A．contents | B．news | C．images | D．information |
9 . Characteristics of an excellent scientist
The dictionary defines a scientist as a person having professional knowledge on one or more sciences, especially natural science or physical science. It also defines a scientist as someone who uses scientific methods.
Curiosity.
Patience.
Becoming a scientist takes a long time. There are very few jobs that take longer than this one.
Ethical (道德的) qualities.
In order to truly discover and use knowledge for the greater good, a scientist must have a desire to improve people’s life as well as the environment, since they are linked and they can affect one another in the long run.
Sticking to an old belief contradicted with evidence is dishonest. However, that belief shouldn’t be changed without powerful evidence.
An excellent scientist even takes notes of the smallest observation and keeps it in mind. He / She can work well alone or in groups depending on what’s needed, and he / she also needs to communicate thoughts on paper and verbally. Networking connects him / her with colleagues working on similar projects where he / she may discover something new.
| A．Working habits. |
| B．A scientist must report findings honestly regardless of personal interests or public opinion. |
| C．An excellent scientist must be very curious about things. |
| D．You still have much scientific research to do even if you received education on science. |
| E．One of the main places that many scientists work in is the research laboratory. |
| F．Working time. |
| G．Let’s look at some characteristics of an excellent scientist. |
10 . Albert Einstein was born in Ulm, Germany on 14 March, 1879.
Albert had a great year in 1905, publishing (发表) four scientific papers!
In 1919, one of Albert’s theories was proved, making him the most famous scientist alive!
| A．Albert spent lots of time in America. |
| B．Einstein loved to use his imagination. |
| C．His work turned modern physics on its head. |
| D．Even as an adult, Einstein was disorganized. |
| E．As a child, he enjoyed solving math problems. |
| F．And he won the 1921 Nobel Prize for Physics. |
| G．One teacher even said he’d never achieve anything! |
