1 . For the past five years, Paula Smith, a historian of science, has devoted herself to re-creating long-forgotten techniques. While doing research for her new book, she came across a 16th-century French manuscript（手稿）consisting of nearly 1,000 sets of instructions, covering subjects from tool making to finding the best sand.

The author's intention remains as mysterious（神秘）as his name; he may have been simply taking notes for his own records. But Smith was struck mainly by the fact that she didn't truly grasp any of the skills the author described. "You simply can't get an understanding of that handwork by reading about it," she says.

Though Smith did get her hands on the best sand, doing things the old-fashioned way isn't just about playing around with French mud. Reconstructing the work of the craftsmen（工匠）who lived centuries ago can reveal how they viewed the world, what objects filled their homes, and what went on in the workshops that produced them. It can even help solve present-day problems: In 2015, scientists discovered that a 10th-century English medicine for eve problems could kill a drug-resistant virus.

The work has also brought insights for museums, Smith says. One must know how an object was made in order to preserve it. What's more, reconstructions might be the only way to know what treasures looked like before time wore them down. Scholars have seen this idea in practice with ancient Greek and Roman statues. These sculptures were painted a rainbow of striking colours. We can't appreciate these kinds of details without seeing works of art as they originally appeared-something Smith believes you can do only when you have a road map.

Smith has put the manuscript's ideas into practice. Her final goal is to link the worlds of art and science back together: She believes that bringing the old recipes to life can help develop a kind of learning that highlights experimentation, teamwork, and problem solving.

Back when science—then called “the new philosophy”—took shape, academics looked to craftsmen for help in understanding the natural world. Microscopes and telescopes were invented by way of artistic tinkering（修补）, as craftsmen experimented with glass to better bend light.

If we can rediscover the values of hands-on experience and craftwork, Smith says, we can marry the best of our modern insights with the handiness of our ancestors.

3 . The Cambridge University Library in Britain received a “gift” in early March. 2022. Someone ______ a pink gift bag near the building with a note wishing the librarian a Happy Easter. Inside the bag was the “gift”: two small notebooks from the famous British naturalist Charles Darwin, who is ______ for his theory of evolution. One of the ______ has a famous drawing in it called the “Tree of Life”. Darwin made the drawing in 1837.

The university talked about the ______ on Tuesday. Cambridge believed the notebooks were ______ 20 years ago. They were first thought to be ______ inside the building after they were taken to be photographed. But, after searching through 10 million books, maps and documents, the university reported the notebooks ______ to police in 2020.

British investigators notified police around the world, and a ______ began. The notebooks are valued at millions of dollars. They were ______ , however, in good condition. Darwin’s notebooks contained writings about his famous trip around the world on the ship H. M. S. Beagle. The research ______ his book on evolution called On the Origin of species.

Cambridge University Librarian Jessica Gardner said she was ______ to see the notebooks. But she said her true feelings were profound and almost impossible to adequately express. Gardner said the notebooks would go back into the Darwin Archive. The library is also ______ to the works by scientists Stephen Hawking and Isaac Newton.

The notebooks will be on ______ later this year in a Darwin show at the library. Local police said they are continuing to ______ who may have taken the notebooks and asked for help from anyone who has ______ about the case.

4 . Characteristics of an excellent scientist

The dictionary defines a scientist as a person having professional knowledge on one or more sciences, especially natural science or physical science. It also defines a scientist as someone who uses scientific methods.     1    

Curiosity.

    2     Scientists such as Thomas Edison and George Westinghouse discovered things mainly because they wanted to know how things work. Without a drive to ask questions or even wonder, a scientist will never get to the first stage of the scientific process.

Patience.

Becoming a scientist takes a long time. There are very few jobs that take longer than this one.     3     If you’re an instant-gratification type of person, this may not be the best choice for you.

Ethical (道德的) qualities.

In order to truly discover and use knowledge for the greater good, a scientist must have a desire to improve people’s life as well as the environment, since they are linked and they can affect one another in the long run.     4    

Sticking to an old belief contradicted with evidence is dishonest. However, that belief shouldn’t be changed without powerful evidence.

    5    

An excellent scientist even takes notes of the smallest observation and keeps it in mind. He / She can work well alone or in groups depending on what’s needed, and he / she also needs to communicate thoughts on paper and verbally. Networking connects him / her with colleagues working on similar projects where he / she may discover something new.

Good morning, everyone. Today, I’d like to share a story about a man of perseverance.

Thanks for your listening.

8 . The Nobel Prize is considered one of the most recognizable and admirable awards possible _______ people of the world for their outstanding achievements in different fields.

Alfred Nobel was born in 1833 to a family of engineers in. Sweden. In 1850, he met Ascanio Sobrero, the inventor of nitroglycerin (硝酸甘油) in Paris. Interested in its irregular _______ of exploding under pressure or heat, Nobel started to find a way to control it and make a _______ explosive (爆炸物). After years of _______, in1867, the age of 34, Nobel invented dynamite (炸药), which is much easier and safer to control than nitroglycerin.

During his lifetime, Nobel invented and patented various explosives. He _______ his wealth from his 355 inventions, among which dynamite was the most important.

When Alfred’s brother Ludwig died in 1888, a French newspaper _______ published Alfred’s obituary (讣告). Reading his own obituary,   Nobel was _______ to find out his public image. Then newspaper strongly _______ Nobel for inventing dynamite, giving him the nickname of “the merchant of death” and saying “Dr. Alfred Nobel, who became _______ by finding ways to kill more people faster than ever before, died yesterday.”

To Alfred, this obituary was a(n) ________. He spent his lifetime alone ________ things and was deeply concerned with how he would be remembered. This unfortunate event inspired him to make changes in his will. so as to ________ his public image, and to be remembered for a good cause. In 1895, one year before his death, Nobel made the last ________, saying clearly that his wealth would be used to create a series of prizes for those who have made great ________ to mankind in physics, chemistry,physiology or medicine, literature, and peace. To widespread astonishment, Dr. Alfred Nobel ________ 94% of his total wealth to found the five Nobel Prizes.