1 . Benjamin Franklin was one of the Founding Fathers of the United States of America. He was a leading author and printer, political theorist, politician, scientist,_______,civic activist, statesman, and diplomat. As a scientist, he was a major_______in the Enlightenment(启蒙运动)and the history of physics for his discoveries and theories_______electricity. He invented the lightning rod, bifocals, the Franklin stove, a carriage odometer, and the glass “armonica”.

He formed both the first public lending library in America and the first fire department in Pennsylvania. As a political writer and activist, he_______the idea of an American nation. As a diplomat during the American Revolution he secured the French alliance(联盟)that helped to make_______of the United States possible.

Franklin laid a foundation for the American_______and character, such as thrift, hard work, and community spirit. In the words of Henry Steele Commager, ''In Franklin could be merged the virtues of Puritanism without its defects, the illumination of the Enlightenment without its_______. '' ''To Walter Isaacson, this makes Franklin, ''the most accomplished American of his age and the most influential in_______the type of society America would become. ''

Franklin became a newspaper editor, printer, and merchant in Philadelphia, becoming very wealthy, writing and publishing Poor Richard's Almanack and the Pennsylvania Gazette. Franklin was interested in science and technology, and gained an international_______for his famous experiments. He played a major role in establishing the University of Pennsylvania and Franklin & Marshall College and was________the first president of the American Philosophical Society.

Franklin became a national hero in America when he made efforts to have Parliament________the unpopular Stamp Act. An accomplished diplomat, he was widely admired among the French as American minister to Paris and was a major figure in the development of________Franco-American relations. From 1775 to 1776, Franklin was Postmaster General under the Continental Congress and from 1785 to 1788 was President of the Supreme Executive Council of Pennsylvania.

His colorful life and legacy of scientific and________achievement, and status as one of America's most influential Founding Fathers, have seen Franklin________on coinage and money, the names of many towns, counties, educational institutions and companies, and more than two centuries after his________, countless cultural references.

2 . When Elinor Ostrom won the Nobel Prize for her research on economic governance in 2009, it was the first (and so far, the only) time a woman won a Nobel for Economics. That prize has ____ for nearly 50 years. We don’t do a great job of recognizing women’s contributions to science and innovation. My colleagues and I wondered: Is one of the reasons why women are more likely to ____ science than men because they don’t receive the same recognition?

To understand how ____ shapes women’s motivation to remain in science, we first had to get a good measure of the motivations. We sought to first study a highly visible ____, prizes, because large prizes tend to be understood and appreciated by the broader public, and they also influence those who make decisions about scientific ____ and other financial support.

Our study focused on prizes in the biomedical sciences. If we’re going to find ___ anywhere in science, it would be in this field. Women have entered biomedicine in equal numbers to men since the early 2000s. ____ this, of all Nobels awarded to women, a full two-thirds have been for biomedical research. Our ____ was simple: we documented all biomedical research prizes we could find over the past five decades. We also considered the financial awards and importance associated with the prizes, as indicators of their ____. Then we measured the percentage of prizes won by women and the association between gender and prize quality.

Our initial results highlighted overall____ news: the proportion of biomedical prizes awarded to women has risen steadily. But when we looked at the association between gender and quality of prizes awarded, we observed a major difference: on average, women scientists win prizes associated with less money and importance than men do. Importantly, our further research suggests that there’s no ____ that the quality or value of women-led research is any lower than that of men, as measured by citations (引用) per article, productivity, or width of research topics studied. ___, women are catching up in terms of number of prizes won, but still fall significantly behind in regard to the importance and monetary awards associated with the prizes.

The bottom line: while on the surface it may appear that the gender gap has somewhat____ when it comes to science prizes, great injustice is hidden just below. The problem likely ____ beyond the borders of science. In business, for example, prizes and funding for new technology and innovation may follow a similar pattern, helping to explain the phenomenon observed for female entrepreneurs, again ____ by research. This is something worth examining in greater depth.