3 . Barbara McClintock was one of the most important scientists of the 20th century. She made important discoveries about genes and chromosomes(染色体).

Barbara McClintock was born in 1902 in Hartford, Connecticut. Her family moved to the Brooklyn area of New York City in 1908. Barbara was an active child with interests in sports and music. She also developed an interest in science.

She studied science at Cornell University in Ithaca, New York. Barbara was among a small number of undergraduate students to receive training in genetics in 1921. Years later, she noted that few college students wanted to study genetics.

Barbara McClintock decided to study botany, the scientific study of plants, at Cornell University. She completed her undergraduate studies in 1923. McClintock decided to continue her education at Cornell. She completed the master’s degree in 1925. Two years later, she finished all her requirements for the doctorate degree.

McClintock stayed at Cornell after she completed her education. She taught students botany. The 1930s was not a good time to be a young scientist in the United States. The country was in the middle of the great economic depression. Millions of Americans were unemployed. Male scientists were offered jobs. But female geneticists were not much in demand.

An old friend from Cornell, Marcus Rhoades, invited McClintock to spend the summer of 1941 working at the Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory. It is a research center on Long Island, near New York City. McClintock started a temporary job with the genetics department. A short time later, she accepted a perpetual position in the laboratory and got continual incomes. This gave her the freedom to continue her research without repeatedly asking for financial aid.

By the 1970s, her discoveries had had an effect on everything from genetic engineering to cancer research. McClintock won the Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine in 1983 for her discovery of the ability of genes to change positions on chromosomes. She was the first American woman to win an unshared Nobel Prize.

1. When did McClintock get a doctorate degree?

A．In 1921.

B．In 1923.

C．In 1925.

D．In 1927

2. In the middle of the great economic depression in the US, ________.

A．male scientists were in great demand

B．male scientists were out of work

C．female geneticists were not in demand at all

D．young female scientists might have trouble finding a job

3. Which of the following jobs was beneficial to McClintock’s research?

A．A permanent position in the laboratory.

B．A temporary job in the genetics department.

C．A job as a botany teacher.

D．A job to research cancer.

4. Why was McClintock awarded a Nobel Prize?

A．Because she received a degree in genes and chromosomes.

B．Because she contributed to genetic engineering and cancer research.

C．Because she made important discoveries about genes and chromosomes.

D．Because she was the first American woman who studied genes and chromosomes.

4 . Directions: Read the passage carefully. Fill in each blank with a proper sentence given in the box. Each sentence can be used only once. Note that there are two more sentences than you need.

Einstein's Opinions on Creative Thinking

“The greatest scientists are artists as well,” said Albert Einstein, one of the greatest physicists and an amateur pianist and violinist.

For Einstein, insight did not come from logic or mathematics.     1     As he told one friend, “When I examine myself and my methods of thought. I find that the gift of imagination has meant more to me than any talent for absorbing absolute knowledge. All great achievements of science must start from intuitive knowledge. Imagination is more important than knowledge.”

But how did art differ from science for Einstein? Surprisingly, it wasn't the content of an idea, or its subject, that determined whether something was art or science, but how the idea was expressed. If what is seen and experienced is described in the language of logic, then it is science. If it is communicated and recognized intuitively, then it is art.     2     That's why he said that great scientists were also artists. Einstein first described his intuitive thought processes at a physics conference in Kyoto in 1922 when he indicated that he used images and feelings to solve his problems and found words, logical symbols or mathematical equations later.

    3     “If I were not a physicist,” he once said, “I would probably be a musician. I often think in music and I see my life in terms of music. I get most joy in life out of music. Whenever I feel that I have come to the end of the road or into a difficult situation in my work. I would bury myself in music, and that would usually solve all my difficulties.”

Music provided Einstein with a connection between time and space which both combine spatial and structural aspects. “The theory of relativity occurred to me my intuition and music is the driving force behind this intuition”, said Einstein. “My parents had me study the violin from the time I was six.     4    .”

A．There is no doubt that my theory was a great breakthrough then.

B．Instead, it came from intuition and inspiration

C．For Einstein, it was the humanities that mainly contributed to his achieve-ments.

D．Einstein also owed his scientific insight and intuition mainly to music.

E．My new discovery is the result of musical perception.

F．Einstein himself worked intuitively and expressed himself logically.

5 . Katherine Jonson,winner of the presidential medial of freedom,refused to be limited by society5 expectations of her gender and race while expanding the borders of humanity’s reach--President Barack Obama,2015

Using little more than a pencil,a slide rule and one of the finest mathematical minds in the country,Mrs.Johnson, who died at 101,calculated the precise path that would let Apollo 11 land on the moon in 1969 and,after Neil Armstrong's history-making moonwalk,let it return to Earth Wet throughout Mrs.Johnson's 33 years in NASAN& Flight Research Division and for decades afterward,almost no one knew her name.She was just one of those unheralded women who,well before the modern feminist(女权)movement,worked as NASA mathematicians.But it was not only her gender that kept her long marginalized and long unsung Katherine Johnson,a West Virginia native,was also African-American.

But over time,the work of Mrs.Johnson and her colleagues--countless calculations done mainly by hand,using slide rules,chart paper and inefficient desktop calculating machines--won them a level of acceptance that for the most competitive race.

“NASA was a very professional organization,”Mrs.Johnson told The Observer of Fayetteville,N.C.,in 2010. “They didn't have time to be concerned about what color I was.”Nor,she said,did she.”I don't have a feeling of inferiority,”Mrs.Johnson said on at least one occasion.”Never had.I m as good as anybody,but no better.”

To the end of her life,Mrs.Johnson refused praise for her role in sending astronauts into space,keeping them on course and bringing them safely home.”I was just doing my job,”Mrs.Johnson repeatedly said so.But what a job it was--done,no less,by a woman born at a time when the odds were more likely that she would die before age 35 than even finish high school.

1. The underlined word “unheralded”most probably means______.

A．not adequately paid

B．not previously mentioned

C．not officially rewarded.

D．not fast promoted

2. It was ___________ put together that made Mrs. Johnson a miracle.

A．her skin color, her gender and the facilities

B．her gender, her intelligence and the facilities

C．her skin color, her gender and her intelligence

D．her intelligence, her skin color and the facilities

3. From Mrs. Johnson's comments on NASA and her own job, we can conclude that ____________.

A．she was confident and modest

B．NASA shows no interest in staff's races

C．She was superior to most women in her age

D．NASA is professionally organized and supportive

4. Which of the following is the best title for the passage?

A．Woman Made Calculations

B．NASA Marginalized Mathematicians

C．Gender Divided Organizations

D．Mathematician Broke Barriers

6 . Directions：Complete the following passage by using the words in the box. Each word can only be used once. Note that there is one word more than you need.

Tributes poured in last week to the world-famous British physicist Stephen Hawking, whose insights     1     modern cosmology and inspired global audiences in the millions. He died at the age of 76 on March 14.

Hawking was given only a few years to live after being diagnosed with ALS at the age of 21. The illness left him in a wheelchair and largely     2     to speak expect through a voice synthesizer. Nevertheless, Hawking completed his doctorate on the origins of the universe three years later and became a research fellow at the University of Cambridge’s Caius College.

Hawking’s first major     3     came in 1970. With mathematician Roger Penrose, Hawking used Einstein’s theory of relativity to     4     the origins of time and space to singularity, a single point of zero size and infinite density where all the laws of physics would have broken down. Their work gave mathematical expression to the Big Bang theory. Hawking was the first to try to     5     relativity with quantum mechanics. In 1974, he put forward that black holes leaked radiation, now known as“Hawking radiation,”and would eventually disappear with a tremendous explosion. The proposal     6     to one of the most passionate debates in modern cosmology—before Hawking, it was widely accepted that black holes were completely black and would     7     forever.

In 1982, Hawking was among the first to show how tiny changes in the distribution of matter might give rise to the     8     of galaxies in the universe and lay the seeds of stars, planets and life as we know it.

For 30 years, Hawking was Cambridge’s Lucasian professor of mathematics, arguably Britain’s most distinguished chair and a post once held by Sir Isaac Newton. He received 12 honorary degrees and was awarded a Companion of Honor by Queen Elizabeth in 1989. The 1988 publication of A Brief History of Time won Hawking international     9    . The book, through which the professor brought complex science to a    10     audience, has sold at least ten million books in 40 languages.

7 . It was in the archives (档案室) of the Archbishop of York that Matthew Collins had a sudden insight: He was surrounded by millions of animal skins.

Another person might say they were surrounded by books and manuscripts written on parchment, which is made from skins, usually of cows and sheep. Collins, however, had been trying to make sense of animal-bone fragments from archaeological digs, and he began to think about the advantages of studying animal skins, already cut into rectangles and arranged neatly on a shelf. Archaeologists consider themselves lucky to get a few dozen samples, and here were millions of skins just sitting there.

In recent years, archaeologists and historians have awakened to the potential of ancient DNA extracted from human bones and teeth. DNA evidence has enriched — and complicated — stories of prehistoric human migrations. It has provided tantalizing clues to epidemics such as the black death. It has identified the remains of King Richard III, found under a parking lot. But Collins isn’t just interested in human remains. He’s interested in the things these humans made; the animals they bred, slaughtered, and ate; and the economies they created.

That’s why he was studying DNA from the bones of livestock — and why his lab is now at the forefront of studying DNA from objects such as parchment and beeswax. These objects can fill in gaps in the written record, revealing new aspects of historical production and trade. How much beeswax came from North Africa, for example?

Collins splits his time between Cambridge and the University of Copenhagen, and it’s hard to nail down exactly what kind of — ologist he is. He has a knack for gathering experts as diverse as parchment specialists, veterinarians, geneticists, archivists, economic historians, and protein scientists (his own background). “All I do is connect people together,” he said. “I’m just the ignorant one in the middle.”

However, it didn’t take long for his group to hit their first culture conflict. In science and archaeology, destructive sampling is at least tolerated, if not encouraged. But book conservators were not going to let people in white coats come in and cut up their books. Instead of giving up or fighting through it, Sarah Fiddyment, a postdoctoral research fellow working with Collins, shadowed conservationists for several weeks. She saw that they used white Staedtler erasers to clean the manuscripts, and wondered whether that rubbed off enough DNA to do the trick. It did; the team found a way to extract DNA and proteins from eraser pieces, a compromise that satisfied the team found a way to extract DNA and proteins from eraser pieces, a compromise that satisfied everyone. The team has since sampled 5,000 animals from parchment this way.

Collins is not the first person to think of getting DNA from parchment, but he’s been the first to do it at scale. Studying the DNA in artifacts is still a relatively new field, with many prospects that remain unexplored. But in our own modern world, we’ve already started to change the biological record, and future archaeologists will not find the same treasure of hidden information in our petroleum-laden material culture. Collins pointed out that we no longer rely as much on natural materials to create the objects we need. What might have once been leather or wood or wool is now all plastic.

1. How is Collin’s study different from the study of other archaeologists?

A．He studies human skins and bones.

B．He is the first person to study animal skins.

C．He studies objects related to humans and their lives.

D．His study can provide clues to previous epidemics.

2. Collin thinks of himself as ignorant because _____.

A．his major doesn’t help his research

B．he can’t connect experts of different fields

C．he finds it hard to identify what kind of — ologist he is

D．his study covers a wide range of subjects beyond his knowledge

3. What can be inferred form the passage?

A．Destructive sampling is not allowed in the field of science and archeology.

B．Collin made a compromise by only studying copies of books made of animal skins.

C．Book protectors were opposed to Collin’s study because his group tracked them for several weeks.

D．It is difficult for future archeologists to study what society is like today due to plastic objects.

4. What may be the appropriate title of this passage?

A．A new discovery in archaeology

B．A lab discovering DNA in old books

C．Archaeology on animals seeing a breakthrough

D．Collin’s contributions to the identification of old books

8 . Directions:Write an English composition in 120-150 words according to the instructions given below in Chinese.
“人类社会中,科学家和工程师做出的贡献要比艺术家和作家的更重要”。你同意这种观点吗？请说说你的看法,并用具体事例说明。
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

9 . Alfred Nobel, the Swedish inventor and industrialist, was a man of many contrasts He was the son of a bankrupt, but became a millionaire; a scientist with a love of literature, an industrialist who managed to remain an idealist. He made a fortune but lived a very simple life, and although cheerful in company he was often sad in private. A lover of mankind, he never had a wife or family to love him; a patriotic son of his native land, he died alone on foreign soil. He invented a new explosive, dynamite, to improve the peacetime industries of mining and road building, but saw it was used as a weapon of war to kill and injure his fellow men. During his useful life he often felt he was useless: ''Alfred Nobel, '' he once wrote of himself, ''ought to have been put to death by a kind doctor as soon as, with a cry, he entered life. '' ''World-famous for his works he was never personally well-known, for throughout his life he avoided publicity. “I do not see, '' he once said, ''that I have deserved any fame and I have no taste for it, '' but since his death his name has brought fame and glory to others. He was born in Stockholm on October 21, 1833 but moved to Russia with his parents in 1842, where his father, Immanuel, made a strong position for himself in the engineering industry. Immanuel Nobel invented the landmine and made a lot of money from government orders for it during the Crimean War, but went bankrupt soon after.

Most of the family returned to Sweden in 1859, where Alfred rejoined them in 1863, beginning his own study of explosives in his father's laboratory. He had never been to school or university but had studied privately. And by the time he was twenty, he was a skillful chemist and excellent linguist, speaking Swedish, Russian, German, French and English. Like his father, Alfred Nobel was imaginative and inventive, but he had better luck in business and showed more financial sense. He was quick to see industrial openings for his scientific inventions and built up over 80 companies in 20 different countries. Indeed his greatness lay in his outstanding ability to combine the qualities of an original scientist with those of a forward-looking industrialist. But Nobel's main concern was never with making money or even with making scientific discoveries. Seldom happy, he was always searching for a meaning to life, and from his youth had taken a serious interest in literature and philosophy. Perhaps he could not find ordinary human love - he never married he came to care deeply about the whole of mankind. He was always generous to the poor: ''I'd rather take care of. the stomachs of the living than the glory of the dead in the form of stone materials, '' he once said. His greatest wish, however, was to see an end to wars, and thus peace between nations, and he spent much time and money working for this cause until his death in Italy in 1896. His famous will, in which he left money to provide prizes for outstanding work in Physics, Chemistry, Physiology, Medicine, Literature and Peace, is a memorial to his interests and ideals. And so, the man who felt he should have died at birth is remembered and respected long after his death.

1. What was the original purpose of Alfred Nobel's inventing the dynamite?

A．To improve mining and road building.

B．To help defend his native land.

C．To develop a weapon of war.

D．To make a strong position for himself.

2. Which of the following is closest in meaning to the underlined word ''patriotic'' in the first paragraph?

A．Modest.

B．Loyal.

C．Gifted.

D．Long-lost.

3. Why did Alfred Nobel feel he should have died at birth?

A．Because he thought that his actions contrasted sharply with his hopes.

B．Because he wished he had never invented the explosive, which was used in war to kill.

C．Because he felt he was useless for not having made enough contributions to mankind.

D．Because he felt he had led a meaningless life and owed a lot to others.

4. According to the passage, which of the following words is NOT proper to describe Alfred Nobel?

A．Far-sighted.

B．Generous.

C．Low-profile.

D．Contrasting.

10 . Benjamin Franklin was one of the Founding Fathers of the United States of America. He was a leading author and printer, political theorist, politician, scientist,_______,civic activist, statesman, and diplomat. As a scientist, he was a major_______in the Enlightenment(启蒙运动)and the history of physics for his discoveries and theories_______electricity. He invented the lightning rod, bifocals, the Franklin stove, a carriage odometer, and the glass “armonica”.

He formed both the first public lending library in America and the first fire department in Pennsylvania. As a political writer and activist, he_______the idea of an American nation. As a diplomat during the American Revolution he secured the French alliance(联盟)that helped to make_______of the United States possible.

Franklin laid a foundation for the American_______and character, such as thrift, hard work, and community spirit. In the words of Henry Steele Commager, ''In Franklin could be merged the virtues of Puritanism without its defects, the illumination of the Enlightenment without its_______. '' ''To Walter Isaacson, this makes Franklin, ''the most accomplished American of his age and the most influential in_______the type of society America would become. ''

Franklin became a newspaper editor, printer, and merchant in Philadelphia, becoming very wealthy, writing and publishing Poor Richard's Almanack and the Pennsylvania Gazette. Franklin was interested in science and technology, and gained an international_______for his famous experiments. He played a major role in establishing the University of Pennsylvania and Franklin & Marshall College and was________the first president of the American Philosophical Society.

Franklin became a national hero in America when he made efforts to have Parliament________the unpopular Stamp Act. An accomplished diplomat, he was widely admired among the French as American minister to Paris and was a major figure in the development of________Franco-American relations. From 1775 to 1776, Franklin was Postmaster General under the Continental Congress and from 1785 to 1788 was President of the Supreme Executive Council of Pennsylvania.

His colorful life and legacy of scientific and________achievement, and status as one of America's most influential Founding Fathers, have seen Franklin________on coinage and money, the names of many towns, counties, educational institutions and companies, and more than two centuries after his________, countless cultural references.

1.

A．dreamer

B．inventor

C．architect

D．librarian

2.

A．feature

B．father

C．sponsor

D．figure

3.

A．regarding

B．despite

C．relating

D．regardless

4.

A．abandoned

B．rescued

C．supported

D．adapted

5.

A．curiosity

B．property

C．independence

D．attempt

6.

A．theories

B．humor

C．masks.

D．values

7.

A．heat

B．force

C．shadow

D．weight

8.

A．capturing

B．inventing

C．applauding

D．discovering

9.

A．guidance

B．frame

C．reputation

D．origin

10.

A．selected

B．lifted

C．1ed

D．elected

11.

A．spread

B．cancel

C．present

D．kidnap

12.

A．positive

B．negative

C．universal

D．complex

13.

A．cultural

B．agricultural

C．political

D．economic

14.

A．honored

B．restored

C．released

D．burst

15.

A．diploma

B．charm

C．anniversary

D．death.