Einstein's Opinions on Creative Thinking
“The greatest scientists are artists as well,” said Albert Einstein, one of the greatest physicists and an amateur pianist and violinist.
For Einstein, insight did not come from logic or mathematics.
But how did art differ from science for Einstein? Surprisingly, it wasn't the content of an idea, or its subject, that determined whether something was art or science, but how the idea was expressed. If what is seen and experienced is described in the language of logic, then it is science. If it is communicated and recognized intuitively, then it is art.
Music provided Einstein with a connection between time and space which both combine spatial and structural aspects. “The theory of relativity occurred to me my intuition and music is the driving force behind this intuition”, said Einstein. “My parents had me study the violin from the time I was six.
A.There is no doubt that my theory was a great breakthrough then. |
B.Instead, it came from intuition and inspiration |
C.For Einstein, it was the humanities that mainly contributed to his achieve-ments. |
D.Einstein also owed his scientific insight and intuition mainly to music. |
E.My new discovery is the result of musical perception. |
F.Einstein himself worked intuitively and expressed himself logically. |
2 . Katherine Jonson,winner of the presidential medial of freedom,refused to be limited by society5 expectations of her gender and race while expanding the borders of humanity’s reach--President Barack Obama,2015
Using little more than a pencil,a slide rule and one of the finest mathematical minds in the country,Mrs.Johnson, who died at 101,calculated the precise path that would let Apollo 11 land on the moon in 1969 and,after Neil Armstrong's history-making moonwalk,let it return to Earth Wet throughout Mrs.Johnson's 33 years in NASAN& Flight Research Division and for decades afterward,almost no one knew her name.She was just one of those unheralded women who,well before the modern feminist(女权)movement,worked as NASA mathematicians.But it was not only her gender that kept her long marginalized and long unsung Katherine Johnson,a West Virginia native,was also African-American.
But over time,the work of Mrs.Johnson and her colleagues--countless calculations done mainly by hand,using slide rules,chart paper and inefficient desktop calculating machines--won them a level of acceptance that for the most competitive race.
“NASA was a very professional organization,”Mrs.Johnson told The Observer of Fayetteville,N.C.,in 2010. “They didn't have time to be concerned about what color I was.”Nor,she said,did she.”I don't have a feeling of inferiority,”Mrs.Johnson said on at least one occasion.”Never had.I m as good as anybody,but no better.”
To the end of her life,Mrs.Johnson refused praise for her role in sending astronauts into space,keeping them on course and bringing them safely home.”I was just doing my job,”Mrs.Johnson repeatedly said so.But what a job it was--done,no less,by a woman born at a time when the odds were more likely that she would die before age 35 than even finish high school.
1. The underlined word “unheralded”most probably means______.A.not adequately paid |
B.not previously mentioned |
C.not officially rewarded. |
D.not fast promoted |
A.her skin color, her gender and the facilities |
B.her gender, her intelligence and the facilities |
C.her skin color, her gender and her intelligence |
D.her intelligence, her skin color and the facilities |
A.she was confident and modest |
B.NASA shows no interest in staff's races |
C.She was superior to most women in her age |
D.NASA is professionally organized and supportive |
A.Woman Made Calculations |
B.NASA Marginalized Mathematicians |
C.Gender Divided Organizations |
D.Mathematician Broke Barriers |
3 . It was in the archives (档案室) of the Archbishop of York that Matthew Collins had a sudden insight: He was surrounded by millions of animal skins.
Another person might say they were surrounded by books and manuscripts written on parchment, which is made from skins, usually of cows and sheep. Collins, however, had been trying to make sense of animal-bone fragments from archaeological digs, and he began to think about the advantages of studying animal skins, already cut into rectangles and arranged neatly on a shelf. Archaeologists consider themselves lucky to get a few dozen samples, and here were millions of skins just sitting there.
In recent years, archaeologists and historians have awakened to the potential of ancient DNA extracted from human bones and teeth. DNA evidence has enriched — and complicated — stories of prehistoric human migrations. It has provided tantalizing clues to epidemics such as the black death. It has identified the remains of King Richard III, found under a parking lot. But Collins isn’t just interested in human remains. He’s interested in the things these humans made; the animals they bred, slaughtered, and ate; and the economies they created.
That’s why he was studying DNA from the bones of livestock — and why his lab is now at the forefront of studying DNA from objects such as parchment and beeswax. These objects can fill in gaps in the written record, revealing new aspects of historical production and trade. How much beeswax came from North Africa, for example?
Collins splits his time between Cambridge and the University of Copenhagen, and it’s hard to nail down exactly what kind of — ologist he is. He has a knack for gathering experts as diverse as parchment specialists, veterinarians, geneticists, archivists, economic historians, and protein scientists (his own background). “All I do is connect people together,” he said. “I’m just the ignorant one in the middle.”
However, it didn’t take long for his group to hit their first culture conflict. In science and archaeology, destructive sampling is at least tolerated, if not encouraged. But book conservators were not going to let people in white coats come in and cut up their books. Instead of giving up or fighting through it, Sarah Fiddyment, a postdoctoral research fellow working with Collins, shadowed conservationists for several weeks. She saw that they used white Staedtler erasers to clean the manuscripts, and wondered whether that rubbed off enough DNA to do the trick. It did; the team found a way to extract DNA and proteins from eraser pieces, a compromise that satisfied the team found a way to extract DNA and proteins from eraser pieces, a compromise that satisfied everyone. The team has since sampled 5,000 animals from parchment this way.
Collins is not the first person to think of getting DNA from parchment, but he’s been the first to do it at scale. Studying the DNA in artifacts is still a relatively new field, with many prospects that remain unexplored. But in our own modern world, we’ve already started to change the biological record, and future archaeologists will not find the same treasure of hidden information in our petroleum-laden material culture. Collins pointed out that we no longer rely as much on natural materials to create the objects we need. What might have once been leather or wood or wool is now all plastic.
1. How is Collin’s study different from the study of other archaeologists?A.He studies human skins and bones. |
B.He is the first person to study animal skins. |
C.He studies objects related to humans and their lives. |
D.His study can provide clues to previous epidemics. |
A.his major doesn’t help his research |
B.he can’t connect experts of different fields |
C.he finds it hard to identify what kind of — ologist he is |
D.his study covers a wide range of subjects beyond his knowledge |
A.Destructive sampling is not allowed in the field of science and archeology. |
B.Collin made a compromise by only studying copies of books made of animal skins. |
C.Book protectors were opposed to Collin’s study because his group tracked them for several weeks. |
D.It is difficult for future archeologists to study what society is like today due to plastic objects. |
A.A new discovery in archaeology |
B.A lab discovering DNA in old books |
C.Archaeology on animals seeing a breakthrough |
D.Collin’s contributions to the identification of old books |
The price of a piece of history
A fresh lemon can be purchased for less than $1. But in 2008, Cowan's Auctions in Cincinnati sold a lemon blackened with age for $2,350.
What was so special about this lemon?
Two thousand dollars is a lot to pay for produce, even from the estate of a founding father. This sale, however, just might be considered a bargain compared with prices paid for other historical collectibles in recent years.
Collecting a piece of history, or an object associated with a famous person, is not brand new. Ordinary objects with extraordinary stories have increasingly been coming to auction and achieving high prices, says Thomas Venning, director of Christie's department of books and manuscripts in London. Prices are being driven up, he says, by collectors in the U.S. and, increasingly, in Asia. The Hawking wheelchair, for example, was purchased by a private museum in China.
Katie Horstman, head of Cowan's American History department, says she could find no comparable items for the lemon as she prepared the piece for its auction. Ms. Horstman nevertheless eventually arrived at the estimated value at $3,000 to $4,000, she says, by researching auction records for objects somehow associated with Washington that had appeared on the market.
Cowans ended up estimating the value of the lemon at $3,000 to $4,000, according to description on its website. Objects associated with Washington these days, Ms. Horstman says, can sell for anywhere from 1,000 up to tens of thousands of dollars.
A.Stephen Hawking’s wheelchair fetched 296, 750 at a sale at Christie's in London last November. |
B.Yet determining potential values of such objects isn't easy. |
C.It was said to be from a tree planted by George Washington at Mount Vernon. |
D.The auction result surely drew the attention from both the business and economics worlds. |
E.The uniqueness of many of these objects further complicates efforts to put a value on them. |
F.Therefore the unique value of many objects proved the worth of collection. |
Founding Father of China’s Nuclear Program
Under the terms of the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Tready(不扩散核武器条约), only five countries are considered to be “nuclear - weapon states.” China is one of them. This military achievement would have been
Deng went to the United States in 1948 for further study, and received a doctorate in physics two years later. Just nine days after graduation, the then 26-year-old returned to the newly - founded People’s Republic of China with
From 1958 on, Deng spent over 20 years working
There was ridicule(嘲笑)following the
As the leader of China’s atomic bomb design, Deng gave lessons himself and organized a team to translate and study the
Following the successful test of the first atomic bomb in 1964, Deng joined the research group led by Yu Min. They immediately started the design of the hydrogen bomb, which was
Deng passed away in 1986 because of cancer. In the last month of his life, the 28-year secret experience of this great scientist was
人工智能的发展在带来诸多可预见的益处的同时,也会产生相应的潜在威胁。很多人担忧未来如果计算机能够像人一样思考,那么人类是否还能控制计算机,或甚至人类是否会被替代?但已故物理学家霍金却说:“真正的危险不在于计算机将开始像人类一样思考,而是人类将开始像计算机一样思考”。
请结合霍金的评论写一篇短文,短文内容需包括;
1. 你对霍金评论的个人看法或理解
2. 人工智能对人类可能产生的危害及相应措施。
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7 . In 1982, I had responsibility for Stephen Hawking’s third academic book for the Press, Superspace and Supergravity. This was a messy collection of papers from a technical workshop on how to devise a new theory of gravity. While that book was in production, I suggested he try something easier: a popular book about the nature of the Universe, suitable for the general market.
Stephen hesitated over my suggestion. He already had an international reputation as a brilliant theoretical physicist working on rotating black holes and theories of gravity. And he had concerns about financial matters: importantly, it was impossible for him to obtain any form of life insurance to protect his family in the event of his death or becoming totally dependent on nursing care. So, he took precious time out from his research to prepare the rough draft of a book.
At the time, several bestselling physics authors had already published non-technical books on the early Universe and black holes. Stephen decided to write a more personal approach, by explaining his own research in cosmology and quantum theory.
One afternoon, in the 1980s, he invited me to take a look at the first draft, but first he wanted to discuss cash. He told me he had spent considerable time away from his research, and that he expected advances and royalties (定金和版税) to be large. When I pressed him on the market that he foresaw, he insisted that it be on sale, up front, at all airport bookshops in the UK and the US. I told that was a tough call for a university press. Then I thumbed the typescript. To my dismay, the text was far too technical for a general reader.
A few weeks later he showed me a revision, much improved. Eventually, he decided to place it with a mass market publisher rather than a university press. Bantam published A Brief History of Time in March 1988. Sales took off like a rocket, and it ranked as a bestseller for at least five years. The book’s impact on the popularization of science has been incalculable.
1. What suggestion did the writer give to Stephen Hawking?A.Simplifying Superspace and Supergravity. |
B.Formulating a new theory of gravity. |
C.Writing a popular book on the nature of the universe. |
D.Revising a book based on a new theory. |
A.Financial returns. |
B.Other competitors. |
C.Publishing houses. |
D.His family’s life insurance. |
A.praised |
B.typed |
C.confirmed |
D.browsed |
A.bringing him overnight fame in the scientific world |
B.keeping up the living standard of his family |
C.making popular science available to the general public |
D.creating the rocketing sales of a technical book |
8 . When Elinor Ostrom won the Nobel Prize for her research on economic governance in 2009, it was the first (and so far, the only) time a woman won a Nobel for Economics. That prize has
To understand how
Our study focused on prizes in the biomedical sciences. If we’re going to find
Our initial results highlighted overall
The bottom line: while on the surface it may appear that the gender gap has somewhat
A.remained | B.awarded | C.existed | D.established |
A.leave | B.doubt | C.question | D.suspect |
A.contribution | B.recognition | C.resolution | D.promotion |
A.indicator | B.substance | C.confirmation | D.compliment |
A.experiments | B.innovation | C.study | D.grants |
A.gender equality | B.research prospects |
C.innovation patterns | D.government control |
A.In line with | B.Contrary to | C.Compared with | D.In case of |
A.concept | B.outcome | C.requirement | D.approach |
A.improvement | B.quality | C.accomplishment | D.reputation |
A.vague | B.sudden | C.good | D.fundamental |
A.description | B.evidence | C.document | D.comparison |
A.Therefore | B.However | C.Instead | D.Nevertheless |
A.highlighted | B.eliminated | C.strengthened | D.narrowed |
A.dominates | B.extends | C.overtakes | D.justifies |
A.turned out | B.taken on | C.backed up | D.held up |
A.Aircraft design. | B.Mathematics. | C.Engineering. | D.Science. |
A.40. | B.14. | C.4. | D.0. |
A.She stuck to studying engineering at college. |
B.She addressed to students at high schools and colleges. |
C.She tried to persuade women not to do engineering for its hard work. |
D.She researched defense systems of satellites and rockets. |