2 . 阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式

A skull of the dinosaur, named Guemesia ochoai, was discovered in Argentina. Researchers said it likely belongs to a meat-eating, or carnivorous, group of dinosaurs     1     (call) abelisaurs. These dinosaurs walked on two legs and had very short arms, even     2     (short) than those of North America’s Tyrannosaurus rex. The short arms may have forced Guemesia     3     (depend) more on its powerful skull and jaws.

“Guemesia is so different     4     other meat-eating dinosaurs, which allows us to understand that we’re dealing with a     5     (total) new species,” said Agnolin Federico, the lead writer of a study on the dinosaur that was published in the Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology.

The animals existed for a few million years before     6     asteroid (小行星) hit what is now Mexico’s Yucatan peninsula. That event, about 66 millions years ago, led to a series of     7     (disaster) that killed all the dinosaurs and many other animals. In total, about 75 percent of Earth’s species     8     (destroy) as a result of the asteroid.

Scientists believe abelisaurs lived on what is now Africa, South America and India. Several abelisaurs have been dug up in Argentina in the past but almost all of them were in southern Patagonia, far from the site     9     Guemesia was found.

Guemesia takes its name from Argentine independence hero Martin Miguel de Guemes and Javier Ochoa, a museum worker who made the     10     (discover).

3 . 阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。

A water system from more than 3,600 years ago     1     (discover) in Central China’s Henan province so far. This find will improve people’s understanding of the city design back then. According to local archaeologists (考古学家), one of the sections was built on a natural river channel, while the remaining two     2     (be) entirely artificial. About 540 meters of ditches (沟) were unearthed，with a     3     (wide) of about 12 meters at the widest point, and a depth of roughly four meters at     4     (it) deepest point. Ruins of the city covered about 25 square kilometers, and it is believed to be a former Shang capital     5     (construct) by Emperor Tang, the first emperor of the Shang Dynasty.

In one of the ditch sections, archaeologists found artificial open channels and stone facilities for water diversion,    6     (indicate) that in the early Shang Dynasty, there had already been complex functional design of the water system.    7     (remain) of handicraft workshops for copper (铜) casting and making bone objects were also found. The ditches were connected with ponds and gardens in the northern parts of the city,    8     means that water in the system supplied not only production and life in the city, but was also used for landscaping of the city.

Discovery of this water system enhanced our understanding of     9     layout of the ancient city, which is     10     great significance for in-depth study of city planning and functional zones division in the early Shang Dynasty capital.

4 . 阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。

A stone tablet(牌匾)    1    (date) back to the year 1693, which falls within the Qing Dynasty(1644—1911), was discovered in Daming County, north China’s Hebei Province, said local authorities.

The tablet,    2     (find) in Jindong Village, measures 1.4 meters high, 0.61 meters wide, and 0.14 meters thick. Made of bluestone, it has     3     total of 307 characters on it.

The inscription(碑文)recorded the process of building the King of Medicine Temple in the county during the reign of Emperor Kangxi and     4     (describe) the grand occasions of temple fairs and humanistic stories at that time.

According to the inscription, after the     5     (complete) of the temple, the local medicine expert meeting     6    (organize) here on April 28 in most years of the Qing Dynasty, during     7     all kinds of talented people performed, and the vocal music lasted for more than ten days, said Wang Jianping, an expert in literature and history of the county.

This stone tablet is     8     (relative) well preserved with clear characters, which is significant for studying cultural and economic     9    (activity) in the southern part of Hebei during the Qing Dynasty. It also provides evidence     10     the researchers about the development of local pharmacies(制药), Wang said.

5 . 阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。

On the north bank of Fuxian Lake in Chengjiang County, Yunnan Province sits a straw-hat-shaped mountain     1     (call) Maotian Mountain,     2     a 512-hectare site is praised as a “world-class treasure trove of fossils” by the international scientific community. On July 1,1984, young paleontologists in China discovered a fossil of the arthropod (节肢动物化石) with a long tail in Maotian Mountain. “    3     we had studied in China were just shell of fossils. The arthropods, lifelike fossils with legs, which belonged to fossils of soft-bodied animals, are     4     game changer in the research of China’s paleontology (古生物学)”, Hou Xianguang, a paleontologist said.

Scientists have obtained a large number of research results on Chengjiang Fossil Site. The reason why Chengjiang fauna (动物群) is     5     great significance is that it is closely related to the emergence of the animal tree of life.

Up to now, more than 20 phyla and more than 280 species     6     (record)in the Chengjiang Fossil Site, of which, 80% are new species. On July 1, 2012, the Chengjiang Fossil Site     7     (be) inscribed on the World Heritage List by UNESCO,     8     (become) China’ s first World Heritage Site for paleontological fossils.

The UNESCO evaluation says the Chengjiang Fossil Site is one of the     9     (early) records of a complex marine ecosystem of the early Cambrian communities. The property displays excellent quality of fossil     10     (preserve). It presents an exceptional record of the rapid diversification of life on Earth during the early Cambrian period.

7 . 阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。

Archaeological (考古的)     1    (discover) of Changsha wares (陶器) have occurred randomly over the decades, and key findings of kiln (窑) ruins     2    (make) particularly since 2010. There were not only Tang Dynasty Changsha wares     3    (unearth), but also some celadons (青瓷) from an even     4    (early) period.

They’re key witnesses     5     the Silk Road on the sea and Sino-foreign exchanges of material culture. Archaeological findings show that Changsha wares were exported to about 30 countries,     6    (range) from East and Southeast Asian neighbors to North Africa. Craftsmen and workshop owners in Changsha participated in a wave of globalization     7     actively explored overseas markets.

    8    (consequent), shapes of Changsha wares were also influenced by foreign elements. Seeing the antiques, we can also understand     9     public aesthetics (审美) of their time. They tell     10     was viewed as traditional Chinese beauty.

8 . Researchers in Norway say they have found what they believe is the world’s oldest runestone (符文石)—a stone with ancient writing on it.

Runes are the characters in several Germanic letters. These characters were used in northern Europe from ancient times until the change to the Latin letters. The origin of runic writing is unclear. The Norwegian researchers say the writing on the runestone could be up to 2,000 years old.

The runestone is square and flat. The runes carved into it may show the earliest example of recorded words in Scandinavia, the Museum of Cultural History in Oslo said. It said it was “among the oldest runic writings ever found” and “the oldest runestone ever found in the world”.

Kristel Zilmer is a professor at University of Oslo, of which the museum is part. Zilmer said, “This find will give us a lot of knowledge about the use of runes in the early Iron Age. This may be one of the first attempts to use runes in Norway and Scandinavia on stone.”

Runes have been found on stones and on home goods. Older runes have been found on other objects, also, but not on stones. The oldest known runic writing is on a hair tool made from bone. Zilmer said that the ancient writer might have used a knife or needle to make the runes.

Measuring 31 centimeters by 32 centimeters, the stone has several kinds of writings. Not all of them make sense. Eight runes on the front of the stone read “idiberug”—which could be the name of a person or family but not sure.

There is still a lot of research to be done on the rock, named Svingerud stone after where it was found.

The Museum of Cultural History is going to hold a public showing of the runestone for a month. The museum holds Norway’s largest collection of historical objects, from ancient times to the modern day.

1. Where have the oldest runes been found?

A．On a bone.

B．On a stone.

C．On the iron.

D．On home goods.

2. Where does the name of the runestone come from?

A．The content on it.	B．The person who found it.
C．The place where it was discovered.	D．The date when it was found.

3. What information can be learned from the text?

A．The origin of the runes.	B．The shape and size of the runestone.
C．The meaning of all the runes.	D．The exact age of the runestone.

4. Which of the following can be the best title for the text?

A．Origin of Latin Has Been Discovered

B．Runestones Show Life of Ancient People

C．Stone with Ancient Writing on It Is on Show

D．Researchers Discover World’s Oldest Runestone

9 . Scientists have uncovered a series of 3,000-year-old items at Sanxingdui in China’s Sichuan province since 2019 and identified that the creators belonged to the Shu state, a highly developed civilization united by the neighboring state of Qin in 316 BC.

One of the major finds is a 0. 6-pound gold mask that may have been worn by a churchman during religious ceremonies. About 84% pure gold, the whole piece likely weighed close to one pound in its entirety, making it one of the heaviest gold masks from that time period discovered in China to date.

Other discoveries made at the site included two kinds of silk. Silk has played an important role in China’s history. As the researchers point out, the ancient people of Sanxingdui probably wore silk clothes during religious ceremonies. The silk was thought to serve as a means of communication between heaven, earth, man and god. Besides these religious ceremonies, silk was also used to make fine clothing, fans and wall hangings. Civilizations across the ancient world, from Rome, Persia, Egypt to Greece, similarly treasured Chinese silk. Traders were sent along the Silk Road to China to obtain the highly sought-after material. The presence of silk at Sanxingdui indicates that the ancient Shu state was one of the important origins of silk in ancient China.

Other important discoveries included bronze animals and carvings that bear distinct similarities to objects found along the Yangtze River and in Southeast Asia, suggesting that the Shu civilization engaged in broad exchanges with many areas.

Since 1929 when a local farmer accidentally found Sanxingdui, researchers have uncovered more than 50,000 ancient items at the site. For example, more than 1,000 items, including well-kept bronze masks, were unearthed in 1986 alone.

1. What can we say about the gold mask found at Sanxingdui?

A．It is not made of pure gold.	B．It is the heaviest ever uncovered.
C．It weighs close to one pound.	D．It might be used during festivals.

2. What can the presence of silk at Sanxingdui probably tell us?

A．The Shu people used silk just for decoration.

B．The Shu people brought silk to the other countries.

C．The Shu state was far more developed than Europe.

D．The Shu state might be one of the earliest silk producers.

3. What is the last paragraph mainly about?

A．The discoverer of Sanxingdui.	B．The timeline of the discoveries at Sanxingdui.
C．The long history of Sanxingdui.	D．The achievements of Sanxingdui unearthing.

4. What is the author’s purpose in writing the text?

A．To promote an attraction in Sichuan province.	B．To report the important discoveries at Sanxingdui.
C．To explore the relationship between Shu and Qin.	D．To evaluate the ancient civilizations in the world.

10 . In 1879, an 8-year-old girl made a discovery that would rock our understanding of human history. On the walls of Altamira cave in northern Spain, she spotted amazing drawings of wild cows, painted in vivid red and black. More striking even than the images was their age: they were made thousands of years ago by modern humans’ supposedly primitive ancestors. Today, nearly 400 caves across Europe have been found decorated with hand stencils (模板), strange symbols and beautiful images of animals created by these skillful artists.

The discoveries led to the view that artistic talent arose after modern humans arrived in the region some 40,000 years ago, as part of a “cultural explosion” reflecting a flowering of the human mind. But more recent evidence has blown this idea out of the water. For a start, modern humans might not have been the first artists in Europe. What’s more, a collection of cave paintings emerging in Indonesia has dismissed the idea that Europe was the centre of creativity.

Local people have long known that the caves of the island of Sulawesi, Indonesia, contain many painted images. Modern humans are thought to have reached the region some 65,000 years ago, but nobody imagined the art could be very old because ancient paintings seem unlikely to survive in the environment of high temperatures. A team of researchers led by Maxime Aubert, now at Griffith University in Australia, upended this idea using a technique that is shifting our understanding of cave art. Using this technique in seven caves, they found a hand stencil was at least 39,900 years old, making it the oldest known hand stencil at that time.

This opened a floodgate to new discoveries in Indonesia. These included a hunting scene created at least 43,900 years ago, and by far the oldest descriptive artwork. “When we found that image, we were absolutely delighted, but when it turned out to be that old, we were almost jumping with joy,” says Adam Brumm, also at Griffith University.

1. What did the girl find in the cave?

A．Wild animals.	B．Ancient images.
C．Painting techniques.	D．Recording artists.

2. What was a misunderstanding removed by recent evidence about the cave art?

A．It can be traced back to Europe.

B．It reflected the flowering of human minds.

C．Modern humans led to its rise in Indonesia.

D．Modern humans might not have been real artists.

3. What does the underlined word “upended” mean in paragraph 3?

A．Proved.

B．Strengthened.

C．Overturned.

D．Overemphasized.

4. What does the last paragraph mainly talk about?

A．The amazing discoveries.	B．The researchers’ expectations.
C．The benefits of the technique.	D．The description of the cave art.