1 . Festivals are celebrated all around the world. They have a wide range of origins, such as the seasons of the year, religions, famous figures, and important events.     1     However, no matter how different they may seem, all over the world, the spirit of sharing joy, gratitude, love, or peace is common in all festivals.

    2     This important agricultural festival takes place after all the crops have beer gathered in. People celebrate to show that they are grateful for the year's supply of food In ancient Egypt, the harvest festival was celebrated during the springtime—the Egyptian harvest season. It featured a parade and a great feast with music, dancing, and sports During the Mid-Autumn Festival in China, families gather to admire the shining moor and enjoy delicious moon cakes.

Customs play a significant role in festivals.     3     The typical Chinese Spring Festival custom of lighting firecrackers is to drive away the evil spirits and celebrate the new year. Nowadays, many big cities have given up this custom in order to avoid air pollution. Another example is Halloween, which slowly became an exciting festival for children, in spite of its religious origins.

Today, online shopping and social media have made it much easier for the public to spend more on gifts for their loved ones in celebrating festivals. Should festival celebrations involve much money spending? Or is it good for the economy and public happiness?     4    .

Festivals are an important part of society. They show people's wishes, beliefs, faiths and attitudes towards life. Festivals are occasions for us to relax and enjoy life.     5    . And if you study festivals carefully, you may be surprised to find that different cultures actually have a lot in common after all.

Located to the south of the equator, below many other     1     （country）on the globe, Australia is often     2     （informal）referred to as “down under”. After being there for some time, my biggest impression is the complicated mix of peoples and cultures. Although the main cultural influence     3     （be）Western culture since 1788, minority cultures have also played a part in shaping the unique Australian culture.

The Mogao Caves are remote in Dunhuang City, Gansu Province. They,     1     (locate) in the Gobi Desert, are most famous for their grand frescoes (壁画) . Dunhuang,     2     its exotic (奇异的) name suggests, represents a fascinating dream of the romance of the ancient Silk Road. As a city with     3    (few) than 200,000 regular residents, Dunhuang attracted more than 13 million tourists in 2020. It is     4    (undoubted) a popular destination.

Persistence may be a key word for those staff members working to protect the Mogao Caves. Many of them     5     (display) the “Mogao Spirit” in different aspects over the past decades, restoring the frescoes and growing grass that slows down sand erosion in the caves.

Glory Is Black,     6     reality show, features the present and past of Gansu Province’s city of Dunhuang, the Gobi Desert, the Mogao Caves, as well as     7    (it) people. From the show, viewers began to learn and understand     8     history meant to the development of a city, and how it deeply influenced the local people. The reality show aims to explain the caves in easily     9     (understand) ways, covering a range of aspects, such as flying apsaras, hero sagas and the precious historical manuscripts. It’s like planting a seed of     10    (curious)among those young people who have never been to Dunhuang.

4 . From December 1936 to March 1937, three archaeological(考古学的)diggings were earned out in the suburbs of Hangzhou, where loads of black ceramics and stoneware were brought to light.

Inspired by these relies(遗迹), an archaeology lover named Shi Xingeng, who came from West Lake Museum in Hangzhou, wrote several detailed reports on the diggings. However, he had to put his work aside when China started to fall into Japan's military aggression. He joined the resistance movement against Japanese invasion and died of disease in 1939. What passed away along with him during the war were many of Liangzhu's precious relics.

Fortunately, his reports were finally published in Shanghai in 1938, which caught considerable attention of archaeological circles. In 1959, the name Liangzhu Culture was given to the independent regional culture by archaeologist Xia Nai. It represented an earlier civilization between 3,300 and 2,200 B.C that had remained unknown to historians. It is commonly believed that the earliest known Chinese written language dates back to more than 3.000 years ago, when oracle bone script(甲骨文)appeared in Shang Dynasty. But Liangzhu Culture might provide evidence of a written language that appeared in China at least 1,000 years earlier.

In 2007, Liangzhu Ancient City was reported to be discovered in Hangzhou, where archaeological diggings revealed a large and early walled city in Chinese history. There were man-made hills and streams in the city area, which were very likely part of the early designed urban landscape. To protect the urban space which was formed by waterways and entrances both inside and outside the city, a flood control system was connected to the river networks and 11 dams. In the fields outside the wall, archaeologists discovered ruins of the residences, tombs, workshops, and docks with wooden boats.

The Lantern Festival falls on the     1    (fifteen)day of the first month of the lunar year. The main activity during the Lantern Festival is looking at lanterns. On the day of the festival, no matter where you go－the streets, markets, shops, parks and homes－you can see beautiful lanterns. In the evening, most cities will organize lantern shows     2     add to the festive atmosphere. The shows have lanterns of different shapes,     3    (include)animals, flowers, people, buildings, and more.

Riddles are usually written on the lanterns. People crowd around     4    (try)to guess the riddles. Yuanxiao is the special food of the Lantern Festival.     5     round shape of yuanxiao symbolizes reunion, happiness and harmony.

    6    (interesting), the Lantern Festival was known as Chinese Valentine’s Day in the past. Many ancient Chinese poets have written poems     7     the Lantern Festival which describe happy moments and also the stories of young lovers. However, in most parts of China today, the festival     8    (lose)these original meanings.

With a history of over 2,000 years as a traditional Chinese festival, the Lantern Festival     9    (celebrate)both in China and abroad. Chinese people living in any part of the world can experience and share this     10    (excite)festival.

China has for the first time published photocopies of ancient Tibetan literature    1     (take) to France from the famed Mogao Grottoes (莫高窟) a century ago.

The Dunhuang manuscripts    2     (discover) in 1900 in the Mogao Grottos. There are more than 60,000 of them, featuring history, politics, religion and folk customs. Dating from the 4th to 11th centuries, the majority of the manuscripts are in Chinese,     3     some are represented in other ethnic languages including Tibetan.

In the early 20th century, a large number of Dunhuang Tibetan manuscripts were taken to    4     (country) such as France and Britain. The Tibetan literature published this time is now preserved    5     (perfect) in the National Library of France.

The series includes Tibetan literature in the 7th to 10th centuries    6     (cover) Buddhist scriptures (佛经), historical works, contracts, legal texts and letters. It took the editorial team about 15 years    7     (arrange) and compile (编译) the documents in Chinese and Tibetan languages.     8     is the first time that the entire Tibetan literature preserved in France has been published in    9     form of photocopies, said Tsering, editor-in-chief of the series.

China also    10     (plan) to publish in 2021 the ancient Tibetan manuscripts preserved in Britain.

The Dragon Boat Festival is     1     the fifth day of the fifth lunar month of the Chinese calendar. It is a day to remember the great poet Qu Yuan,     2     was a loyal official in the State of Chu in ancient China and     3     (deep) loved by his people.

Qu Yuan drowned himself on that day in277 B. C. due to     4     (be) unable to save his country. The local folk did what they could     5     (search) for him in the river, meanwhile they     6     (drop) dumplings of glutinous rice （糯米）wrapped in bamboo leaves     7     reed leaves into the river to stop the fishes from eating Qu Yuan's body. Since that time, it has been customary on that day to eat Zong Zi as     8     memorial to the patriotic（爱国的）poet.

Nowadays, Zong Zi is not only made for the Dragon Boat Festival. It is available at any time of the year, with wide styles and     9     (variety) of dumplings. The main ingredient of Zong Zi is the glutinous rice, and then the bamboo or reed leaves- -the wrapping that     10     (make) Zong Zi taste distinct.