1 . “It will be marvelous. It will be spiritual.” This is the ________ tagline that Virgin Galactic used in 2004 to attract potential customers to its planned space tourism services. It promised that, within five years, it would take a total of over 3,000 passengers on life-changing trips in its spaceships. On July 11, 2021, after a last 90-minute delay, Virgin Galactic finally began its fulfillment of that original ________. For four minutes, its six temporarily weightless passengers, including the firm’s British co-founder, Sir Richard Branson, saw the planet against the blackness of outer space.

Back on the ground, Sir Richard called the experience “magical”. He may have ________ the fact that he was able to reach space earlier than Jeff Bezos, a fellow billionaire but much wealthier. On July 20, Bezos would go slightly higher, for slightly less time, in a vehicle that had been built by his own spacefaring company, Blue Origin.

The two tycoons (大亨) are among a growing number of ________ who believe that space tourism’s time has come. Suborbital (亚轨道的) tourism is part of a broader space economy that has rapidly grown over the past decade ________ technological advances. However, it is highly ________ that this will be true.

For now, Blue Origin and Virgin Galactic will offer ________ suborbital flights to paying customers. Blue Origin is focusing much more on the development of a large new rocket that will be used for the launching of satellites, on selling advanced rocket engines to other companies, and on bidding (投标) on NASA contracts such as the recently announced plan to send humans back to the moon. ________, Bezos doesn’t see Blue Origin as a provider of services to adventure-seekers.

Even this 4-minute suborbital travels have a(n) ________, apparently. A major survey found that nearly two in five people with a net worth of over five million dollars would consider paying $250,000, Virgin Galactic’s current price, for a ticket. The business could be ________, once regular flights begin to offset (抵消) the rockets’ development costs. But how fast and by how much is ________. Without tourist-friendly destinations to visit (the capacity of the International Space Station is strictly limited), orbital tourism, with its far higher ticket prices, will not be a huge earner.

Another challenge — and the industry’s biggest remaining uncertainty — relates to ________. History has shown that a disaster, ________ in the early stages of an industry, can set progress back by years. NASA ________ its plan to send the untrained to orbit in 1986 after a school teacher was killed along with the rest of the crew in the Challenger tragedy. It was another 15 years before the next untrained person would ________ the journey on a Russian craft.

1.

A．modest

B．demanding

C．motivational

D．unclear

2.

A．obligation

B．commitment

C．requirement

D．survey

3.

A．felt ashamed of

B．kept an eye on

C．felt content with

D．got upset with

4.

A．optimists

B．opponents

C．experts

D．objectors

5.

A．thanks to

B．but for

C．apart from

D．in spite of

6.

A．impossible

B．undoubted

C．probable

D．favorable

7.

A．long-lasting

B．inexpensive

C．automatic

D．brief

8.

A．On the contrary

B．What’s more

C．In the long run

D．Above all

9.

A．shortcoming

B．limitation

C．advantage

D．appeal

10.

A．profitable

B．uneconomic

C．eco-friendly

D．globalized

11.

A．predictable

B．essential

C．irrelevant

D．uncertain

12.

A．development

B．security

C．stability

D．novelty

13.

A．particularly

B．critically

C．precisely

D．unforeseeably

14.

A．initiated

B．drafted

C．modified

D．suspended

15.

A．brave

B．abandon

C．steer

D．pause

2 . Twenty years ago, the Urban Land Institute defined the two types of cities that dominated the US landscape: smaller cities that operated around standard 9-5 business hours and large metropolitan areas that ran all 24 hours of the day.

In recent years, many mid-sized cities have begun to adopt a middle-of-the-road approach incorporating the excitement and opportunity of large cities with small cities’ quiet after midnight.     1     What is underlying this new movement in real estate, and why do these cities have so much appeal?

18-hour cities combine the best of 24-hour and 9-5 cities, which contributes to downtown revitalization. For decades, many downtown cores in small to mid-sized cities were abandoned after work hours by workers who lived in the suburbs.     2     This generated little commerce for downtown businesses in the evenings, which made business and generating tax revenue for municipal upkeep difficult. With the rise of a new concept in urban planning that aims to make life easier and more convenient, however, increasing popularity for urban areas that caused the real estate pushes, in major cities like San Francisco or New York, has inspired a type of forward-thinking urbanity in smaller cities.

Transforming downtown areas so that they incorporate modern housing and improved walkability to local restaurants, retail, and entertainment — especially when combined with improved infrastructure for cyclists and public transit — makes them appeal to a more affluent demographic.     3     Access to foot traffic and proximity to transit allow the type of entertainment-oriented businesses such as bars and restaurants to stay open later, which attracts both younger, creative workers and baby boomers, nearing retirement alike.

These 18-hour cities are rapidly on the rise and offer great opportunities for homeowner investment. In many of these cities such as Denver, a diverse and vigorous economy attracted to the urban core has offered stable employment for residents.     4    

A．Because of their smaller size, most keep hours that allow people to enjoy themselves, then have some quiet after midnight.

B．These 18-hour cities are beginning to make waves in real estate rankings and attract more real estate investment.

C．Analyzing and comparing cities using the lens of this basic divide gives interesting context to how investment capital flows and housing prices have shifted.

D．These adjustments encourage employers in the knowledge and talent industries to keep their offices downtown.

E．The right urban mix has propped up home occupancy, increased property values, and attracted significant investment capital.

F．Movement out of city centers was widespread, and downtown tenants were predominantly made up of the working poor.

3 . Directions: After reading the passage below, fill in the blanks to make the passage coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank.

    1     cities were people, Chengdu would be a “happy drifter (流浪汉) without ambition”. That’s according to popular Chinese online writer Murong Xuecun.

It’s the leisurely and slow-paced lifestyle     2     put the capital city of Sichuan on the list of the 21 must-go tourist destinations of 2017     3     US travel magazine National Geographic.

One of     4     (great) pleasures in Chengdu is its food. Famous for the use of the tongue-numbing (让舌头发麻的) Sichuanese pepper corn and hot chillies, Chengdu dishes are an obsession (痴迷) for locals. “Nothing is more important to Chengdu people than food,” Du Li, a professor at the Sichuan Higher Institute of Cuisine, told the Guardian. “They love     5       (search) out small restaurants in out-of-the-way places     6     may just specialize in a couple of dishes.”

In fact, according to Wang Xudong, editor-in-chief of Sichuan Cuisine magazine, Chengdu has the highest density (密度) of restaurants of any city in the world – there are around 40,000. No wonder it became the first Asian city that     7    (name) as a city of Gastronomy (美食) by UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization) in 2010.

    8     important part of local daily life is the city’s teahouses.     9    (find) all over Chengdu, the teahouses are much more than just a place to drink tea. They are a place to do business, meet with friends, show off pet birds, listen to Chuanju or Sichuan opera, and most importantly, play mahjong. As a local saying goes, “If you can’t find someone, he or she is     10    playing mahjong, or on the way to play mahjong.”

“Feet stretched out in a rattan chair with a glass of tea at the mahjong table, their lives are a fleeting dusk.” The Telegraph noted.

4 . Care for a zoom-in observation of animals with no bars between you and the observed opposed to ordinary zoos? Where to have close-up encounters with some of the world’s most rare animals? We are revealing for you.

       

Right whales, Bay of Fundy, Canada

Northern right whales are on the brink of extinction, but survivors arrive in the Bay of Fundy each summer (May through October) to feed east of Grand Manan Island. They are recognized by a broad back and no dorsal fin, which distinguish them from other whales entering the bay.

Planning: Whale-watching tours operate out of Digby Neck peninsula on Nova Scotia and nearby islands, such as Brier Island, St. Andrews, Grand Manan Island, and Deer Island.

Grizzly bears, Alaska, USA

Grizzlies like salmon. In mid-July and again in mid-August, grizzlies make for Alaskan rivers to hook out the fish with their formidable claws. The bears gather in large numbers at rapids and pools, sometimes fighting for the best sites. Brooks Falls in Katmai National Park, and Fish Creek, near Hyder, have viewing platforms.

Planning: Most fishing sites are accessed by chartered light aircraft and a hike. Hyder is off the Stewart-Cassiar Highway.

Monarch butterflies, Sierra Chincua, Mexico

Each fall, millions of North American monarch butterflies migrate thousands of miles to the oyamel fir forests of the Transvolcanic Mountain Range, in the state of Michoacán. They flock intimately on tree trunks, bushes, and on the ground, fully showing their gregarious nature and occupy Sierra Chincua and four neighboring hills that make up the Monarch Butterfly Biosphere Reserve.

Planning: Chincua is one of two hills in the reserve open to the public from November through March.

Komodo dragons, Komodo Island, Indonesia

Landing on Komodo, you would feel like stepping back to a time when dinosaurs ruled the Earth, as park maps reported, “Here be dragons!” This mountainous volcanic island is home to the world’s largest living lizard – the Komodo dragon. Weighing 79 to 91kg, the Komodo dragon has a tail as long as its body. You can hike to a viewpoint at Banugulung and watch as park rangers feed food to the lizards, some of which are more than 10ft long.

Planning: Komodo is reached solely by boat from Bima (on eastern Sumbawa) or Labuan Bajo (on western Flores).

Wildebeest migration, Serengeti, Tanzania

Undoubtedly the world’s most spectacular wildlife sight is the annual wildebeest migration, when 1.4 million wildebeest and 200,000 zebras and gazelles are on the move across the Serengeti plains. The animals are trekking to chase the clean water and fresh grass. Along the way, lions and hyenas stalk them, and crocodiles lie in wait.

Planning: The herds migrate across Tanzania from December through July, and then pass through the Masai Mara in Kenya in August and September.

1. In which place can a variety of types of animals be viewed?

A．Alaska.

B．Sierra Chincua.

C．Komodo Island.

D．Serengeti.

2. The underlined word “gregarious” probably means ______.

A．being able to climb	B．preferring group living
C．migrating in huge numbers	D．moderate in temper

3. Which of the following statements is NOT true according to the passage?

A．Right whales are distinguished from other whales by unique appearance features.

B．Viewing spots for grizzly bears can be reached through air and on foot.

C．Komodo dragons are similar to dinosaurs in living period.

D．Wildebeest herds travel to pursue favorable food conditions.

5 . Better Holiday Pics, Without Using a Selfie Stick

If you find yourself vacationing in Budapest, Hungary, you could preserve travel memories by taking a few arm-length, low-quality cell phone selfies that will likely fail to capture the magic of your visit. Or you could hire someone like Dana J. Ardell, a Budapest-based professional photographer who knows photo spots you’ll never find in a guidebook and who can deliver stunning pictures — with your whole travel party in the shots.

Ardell is a photographer with Flytographer, one of a growing number of online services that help travelers find and hire a photographer to take pictures of them during a vacation.

“People who believe memories are the best souvenir” are among those who will find value in photo services, says Flytographer founder and CEO Nicole Smith.

Still, the cost could run a few hundred dollars, so be smart about whom you hire. Here’s what to know about hiring a pro to take pictures on your next vacation or bucket-list trip.

Why hire a photographer?

Smartphone cameras are decent, but they don’t provide the same quality of pictures as a professional camera and lens. Plus, phone cameras aren’t usually operated by a skilled photographer who knows how to incorporate the best light and properly compose a shot and later edit the images.

If you plan to turn a vacation photo into a wall-worthy print, you’ll want something better than a cell phone snapshot. “Nobody’s going to blow up a blurry selfie with seven chins,” Smith says.

Photographers who live in your destination know where and when to shoot — when the light is most favorable and where you won’t be jostling with other tourists during busy times at landmarks.

Part of the benefit of hiring a trip photographer has nothing to do with photos — it’s interacting with a resident, gaining insight into how locals live. “We chat the whole time,” Ardell says. “I love giving recommendations on my favorite places to eat and things to do around the city.”

How to book a pro

You could do your own research to find someone in the place you’re visiting. But online booking services make hiring a photographer easier, especially if you’re going abroad and don’t speak the language. With many of the services, including Flytographer, Local Lens and localgrapher, and you choose the city, then read biographies of local photographers, look at their portfolios and pick one.

According to Smith, an hour long session offers enough time for photos at a couple of locations and gives vacationers time to warm up in front of the camera. But a half-hour shoot can work for those tight on time or budget. Also remember to book early. Booking several weeks out means a wider selection of photographers, dates and times.

If you’ve taken fabulous journeys but your photos just don’t match, hiring a vacation photographer might be the ticket to preserving memories.

1. Which of the following about Flytographer is true?

A．It is a Budapest-based professional photographer.

B．It’s an online service helping tourists find and hire professional photographers.

C．It’s an online shop that sells souvenirs.

D．It’s an internet-based vacation planning company.

2. Which is not a reason for hiring a professional trip photographer?

A．Photographers take photos for you without crowding into popular sights.

B．Photographers are a reliable source of tourist information and local culture.

C．Hiring photographers with professional cameras and lens is value for your money.

D．Photographers help you preserve the best memories by producing quality photos.

3. What do the underlined words in the last paragraph most probably mean?

A．Your photos fall victim to criticism on the internet.

B．Your photos are not taken as required by photographers.

C．You photos fail to capture the highlights of your journeys.

D．Your photos are not as competitive as those taken by others.

6 . The Louvre: The World’s Best Museum

Paris is a playland for lovers and a painter’s dreams. There is no better place to ______the Louvre, the world’s best museum of art. But what makes this museum so worthy of that ______?

The building itself is a good place to start. As with most museums, large palaces or other traditional architecture are used to ______ museums of art and of natural science. ______ the Louvre, the main building used today was formerly the castle of King Philip Augustus in the 12^th Century. Not until 1546 did King Francis I begin to ______ and expand the castle. Subsequent kings did the ______. Not only did these kings add to the buildings, they also ______ within their rooms the finest art. After the French Revolution, the Louvre was opened to the public. In the 1980s, a controversial see-through glass pyramid-shaped structure was ______ by the architect I. M. Pei (贝聿铭). After centuries of continuous construction and the accumulation (积累) of art ______, today the Louvre offers a world-class collection of both French and foreign art.

The outer shell of a museum, ______, no matter how artistic or historic, cannot alone make a museum truly great. The inner collections are of great ______ to both the art researcher and art lover alike. The Louvre does not disappoint them. Three of the greatest works of art are here: the statues Victory of Samothrace and Venus de Milo accompany Leonardo da Vinci’s most famous painting, the Mona Lisa. These alone attract art ______ from around the world. Other major painting collections include works from the middle ages and Renaissance (文艺复兴时期). The treasures of the French royalty are on ______ here. Greek, Roman, Egyptian as well as early Christian collections can also be appreciated. This clearly is not a museum to be seen in one morning.

Finally, the site of the museum contributes to the magic of the Louvre. The castle built by King Philip Augustus was situated on the right bank of the Seine, overlooking the splendid scenery. Today this location is within walking distance of major Parisian tourist attractions, like the Royal Palace, and the National Library. One could easily spend a whole week ______ the heart of Paris centered around the Louvre.

Taken altogether, the Louvre holds its own as one of the best museums. Its varied buildings, ______collection of works of art, and the delightful site of the grounds overlooking France’s most famous river all make the Louvre a must-see attraction.

1.

A．express

B．situate

C．approve

D．complete

2.

A．argument

B．criterion

C．geometry

D．honor

3.

A．locate

B．install

C．put

D．house

4.

A．In spite of

B．In the case of

C．In search of

D．In view of

5.

A．redesign

B．recreate

C．renew

D．refresh

6.

A．alternative

B．opposite

C．equivalent

D．same

7.

A．equipped

B．hid

C．stocked

D．guided

8.

A．chosen

B．named

C．added

D．guarded

9.

A．treasures

B．appreciation

C．exhibitions

D．reputation

10.

A．in addition

B．however

C．by contrast

D．therefore

11.

A．profit

B．fascination

C．benefit

D．interest

12.

A．audience

B．enthusiasts

C．workers

D．volunteers

13.

A．display

B．duty

C．purpose

D．camera

14.

A．stealing

B．mapping

C．touring

D．possessing

15.

A．common

B．unparalleled

C．private

D．peculiar

7 . Seize the day! Live today and stop putting off what you have always dreamt of experiencing. How exciting and fun your life is depends only on you. Traveling is what makes your life complete. Finding balance isn’t easy yet it is worth trying. Enhance your life by going to South America to learn the history of the ancient tribes(部落).     1     Finding out more about European culture or flying to Africa to see the amazing nature. There are hundreds of reasons why you should travel. Here are only three of them

There is no tomorrow- take a break right now. Be unplanned and travel whenever you feel like leaving your daily routine and boredom.     2     It is tiring and exhausting to live according to some schedule. If you need a break now, then simply take it and let yourself enjoy the time. who told you that the calendar exists to control you? What if it’s time for you to control your own timetable? No need to wait for you scheduled annual break. Make it happen sooner. Your company won’t bankrupt(破产) or disappear if you leave it for a week or two. There are plenty of people who can substitute for you and do your job while you are away. You can do some of it in advance or you can keep it on hold. Here the point is to plan a week ahead.

You cannot be a good employee if you are unhappy and tense. Your family suffers too. When your mind is free, you can perform at 200 percent.     3    You lose balance and harmony if you experience too much stress, perform a lot of demanding routine and constantly take responsibilities. Take care of yourself. Make sure that your well-being does not suffer.

Actually, it does not pay off to go on vacation when the season is in full swing. Prices are usually much higher in this period and you may spend much more money than expected.     4     Hunting for a last minute trip is humiliating(羞耻的), especially when you know you deserve a decent holiday. Spread your vacation days across the year. Isn’t it better to take a few trips a year and visit a new country every time than having one longer trip to one destination?

A．Having a travel agency help you with all the bookings may be a good choice.

B．It is stressful to find out that you cannot book tickets or hotel rooms for a reasonable price.

C．There’s so much to see when you finally take your annual leave.

D．Visiting Southeast Asia with its impressive beaches.

E．Waiting for a certain time of the year so that you could spoil yourself is wrong.

F．You are useless as a worker if your body does not feel great

8 . Directions: After reading the passage below, fill in the blanks to make the passage coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank.

La Balade des Gnomes, a Perfect Place for Holiday

Are you looking to take a break from your everyday life and relax in a fairy-tale world? If so, there's probably no     1    (good) place than La Balade des Gnomes, near the town of Durbuy, Belgium.     2    (Feature) ten amazingly-decorated bedrooms and a special suite(套房) designed in the form of a Trojan horse, this place is truly unique.

Formerly an ordinary Belgian farmhouse, La Balade des Gnomes was changed     3     a magical tourist spot by architect and owner Dominic Noel. “The hotel was created by people who have a strong interest in nature," he says, but anyone with a rich imagination would certainly appreciate     4     special design and decorations as well. The names of the rooms well represent     5     you can expect to see when you walk through the door. A Moon Neighborhood , for example, takes you to a distant future     6     humans can spend their vacation in a hotel on the Moon.

Every room in La Balade des Gnomes hotel was created and decorated by Dominic Noel with the help of local craftsmen, and     7    (offer) visitors a unique experience. But the main attraction of this Belgian spot is the two-story Troian Horse suite, which actually looks like a giant wooden cow. while it     8     a have been inspired by Greek mythology(神话), this beautiful wooden structure actually is covered in medieval(中世纪的)decorations     9    (base) on fairy tales.

    10     you are looking for a special hotel in Belgium, La Balade des Gnomes is a wonderful choice.

9 . Directions: Read the following two passages. Fill in the blanks to make the passage coherent. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper from of the given word. For the other blanks, fill in each blank with one proper word. Make sure that your answers are grammatically correct.

On the Old Silk Road

I set off on my dream journey from London to Beijing in the peaceful days of 2019. Travelling overland, I wanted to experience the transitions between cultures, to see the legacy of exchange along the Silk Road trade routes    1    once connected China with the west.

My first major stop was Venice. The city is full of influences brought there by its many and varied visitors, especially     2    from the east. You can see these in the domes of Saint Mark's Cathedral and in Renaissance masterpieces with their brilliant blue dyes, produced from lapis lazuli mined 4,000 miles away in northern Afghanistan and brought to Venice along the Silk Road.

From Venice, I crossed the Adriatic to Pula and continued south-east.    3    (travel) across the Balkans on three 10-hour train journeys, I finally made my way to Istanbul. Old men playing cards, dogs and cats wandering the streets, fishers awaiting a catch, there is so much life to Istanbul, so much to drink in.

After crossing the Bosphorus into Asia, I was welcomed by the mythical countries of Middle East. Along the way, we passed trade stops    4    (date) from the 13th century. These were the original travel camps, where Silk Road traders would rest, wash, pray, share gossip and be isolated before entering cities     5    they carried dangerous diseases.

My next stop was Urumqi,    6    17-hour train ride away along the northern edge of the Taklamakan desert. The word Taklamakan translates as “    7    goes in does not come out”. Many have lost their lives attempting to cross it but those days are mostly in the past. My train,    8    its risky appearance, delivered me safely to my destination.

    9    the Taklamakan desert ends, the Gobi desert begins. I was now on the final stretch of my journey, heading east on China's high-speed rail network. It took about 10 days to cross China and reach Beijing. I, by the time of my arrival,    10    (cover) 25,000 miles by car, bus, train, boat, horse, camel and, yes, two flights, across 16 countries. My dream of crossing Eurasia was fulfilled. I had 50,000 photos to edit and an exhibition to develop.

10 . The more than 13 million tourists who visit Nara, an ancient capital of Japan, each year tend to follow a well-worn path. On their way into a park at the edge of the city they pass the towering, wooden pagoda of Kofuku-ji, a temple complex founded in 710. They continue to nearby Todai-ji, gazing in _________ at Japan's largest Buddha, a bronze behemoth weighing 400 tons and standing 150 meters tall. And finally they feed shika senbei, a special kind of rice cracker, to the sacred deer, some 1,300 of which live in the park.

The deer, though wild, have come to love the crackers. With tourism _________to a trickle because of the pandemic, they are hungry. Many have begun wandering far from home_________food. A recent study by the Nara Deer Preservation Foundation and Tatsuzawa Shirow of Hokkaido University shows that 20% fewer are spending their days in the park; incidents of damage caused by deer in town have _________. The less enterprising ones, apparently accustomed to eating only crackers, have become emaciated.

The deer are not the only ones going hungry. So are the business in places like Nara, which have come to rely ever more heavily on_________in recent years. Fewer than 7 million foreign tourists visited Japan in 2009; in 2019 some 32 million did_________ from tourism hit a record 4.8trm yen ($46bn). With the Olympic_________ for this past summer, Japan had hoped to welcome 40 million foreigners in 2020._________, after a near-total closure of its borders because of the pandemic, arrivals have dropped by 99.4%.

The government has tried to_________the blow by encouraging its own citizens to get out more. The Diet earmarked 1.35trn yen ($12.9bn) for “Go To Travel” subsidies, which provide discounts of up to 35% at____________hotels and inns; a concurrent program called “Go To Eat” applies to____________. The ministry of tourism says nearly 40 million nights have been booked under the program since it was launched in July. That is a pyrrhic victory (付出极大代价而获得的胜利): the campaign is thought to have____________to a recent uptick in covid-19. Daily cases reached a record of 2,680 on November 28th. Suga Yoshihide, Japan's prime minister, recently announced that the subsidies would be____________ in areas with high caseloads.

Japan is reluctant to give up on tourism, or to let the infrastructure that supports it wither. Officials see spending by foreign visitors as a means to____________for Japan's own shrinking population. Tourism may also help make Japan more open to foreign migrants in the future.

Meanwhile, the more resourceful deer in Nara have____________to a healthier diet of plants and nuts, which has been good for their insides. Their droppings, made pale and runny by the crackers, have become firmer and darker again. If only belt-tightening were as good for the economy.

1.

A．delight

B．upset

C．awe

D．anxiety

2.

A．increased

B．kept

C．contributed

D．reduced

3.

A．in search of

B．on account of

C．on the basis of

D．in charge of

4.

A．cut down

B．brought about

C．shot up

D．came over

5.

A．manufacture

B．tourism

C．infrastructure

D．entertainment

6.

A．Restoration

B．Revenue

C．Requests

D．Restrictions

7.

A．scheduled

B．reserved

C．stood

D．substituted

8.

A．Therefore

B．For example

C．Hereby

D．Instead

9.

A．seize

B．keep

C．cushion

D．reverse

10.

A．international

B．foreign

C．domestic

D．exotic

11.

A．restaurants

B．airlines

C．libraries

D．schools

12.

A．encouraged

B．contributed

C．exposed

D．helped

13.

A．suspended

B．increased

C．supplemented

D．supported

14.

A．arrange

B．compensate

C．blame

D．call

15.

A．reduced

B．responded

C．resolved

D．returned