1 . Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.

African elephants are in trouble. Their numbers have fallen violently from as many as ten million a hundred years ago to as few as 400,000 today. Losses are largely from poaching（偷猎） for the illegal ivory trade, and also because of the smaller living space for elephants, as people open up land for farming and development.

Killing some elephants to help save the species is one suggested strategy for preserving them. Here’s the thinking: Invite rich hunters to pay generous fees to shoot specified numbers of elephants, and use that money as sources for various conservations.

Some people claim that trophy hunting can provide generous financial support for people to conserve and restore wild elephant numbers, protect wildlife from poaching, and to help give local communities a boost in economy. Doing that, the theory goes, poor villagers won’t need to poach elephants to feed their families.

To look into the new business closely, the trophy hunting industry does not provide significant benefits to the communities where it occurs. Across Africa, there are only about 15,000 hunting-related jobs created by the business—a tiny number, especially considering that the six main game-hunting countries alone have a population of nearly 150 million.

Besides that, it is true the total income from trophy hunting is substantial. Take an unnamed area for example, the total income to wild conservancies from trophy hunting, amounted to $165,000. Six years later, this is expected to increase almost tenfold to $1,330,000. Yet after various kinds of processing fees and expenses are reduced, the local communities make an average of only ten cents a hectare (25 cents an acre) from trophy hunting. The return is so small that it justly explains locals’ lack of interest in preserving hunting areas and their continued poaching.

2 . While faking and fierce looks are among animals great defenses, many species know that everyone runs from a big stink(臭气)too.

Vulture(秃鸳)

Vultures, are street sweepers that feast on the rotting flesh of dead animals, which benefits us by ridding our highways and landscapes of animal bodies and the bacteria they might carry. When vultures feel threatened they vomit, and the smell of vomited-on dead bodies puts of most predators. Throwing up allows the vulture to fly away more quickly-and the vomit can hurt the aggressor's eyes and face.

Opossum(负鼠)

In some ways opossums have it easy. In order to become “dead", they don’t have to fax anyone a death certificate. They just lie there with their tongues hanging out with the smell of dead flesh, sometimes for hours, effectively convincing potential predators they can find a much fresher meal elsewhere. Even if they keep getting attacked, they won't move any more than a human statue until the threat has passed.

Hoatzin(磨雉)

Hold your nose and meet the hoatzin, a bird of distinctions, not the least of which is that it smells like fresh cow shit. The animal mostly eats leaves and it's the only bird known to digest by fermentation, like a cow. This process is what causes its smell and has earned it the nickname the “stink bird

Millipedes (千足虫)

Millipedes are tricky. For starters they look wormy. Their name is deceptive, too: Their legs number about 750. Their major defense is to curl up into a ball. They, though, also release a harm eyes, and leave a horrible smell on their attackers.

Sea Hare(海兔)

The graceful sea hare is plain in taste in the first place, so it's not the most popular dish in the seafood chain. Nonetheless this type of sea creature has a pretty creative smell-related defense that is almost the opposite of its smelly companions on this list. The sea hare gives out a slimy, purple ink, the substance which makes food less palatable to predators.

Researchers using lobsters(2-f)as model predators found that the sea blocks the lobsters receptive mechanism. In other words, the sea hare gives its attacker the equivalent of a stuffy nose so they don't know how appealing it is.

1. The sea hare defends itself from predators by ____.

A．becoming plain in taste at the discovery of a predator

B．giving out purple ink to make itself invisible to predators

C．releasing substance to make predators unable to smell it

D．giving off smelly gas to try to drive predators away.

2. Which of the following statements is TRUE according to the passage?

A．The vulture carries bacteria so that predators dare not get close to it.

B．The opossum fakes its death to avoid being targeted by predators.

C．The hoatzin eats cow shit so that it is nick-named as “stink bird

D．The gas released by millipede was basically harmless

3. The species that enjoys more than one defense mechanism is____.

A．vulture

B．opossum

C．millipede

D．sea hare

3 . Directions: Read the following passage. Fill in each blank with a proper sentence given in the box. Each sentence can be used only once. Note that there are two more sentences than you need.

Recently, in the quest for a selfie(自拍), a woman climbed over the concrete barrier of a Jaguar(美洲虎) enclosure at Wildlife World Zoo, Arizona. The jaguar ripped into her arm. Bystanders pulled her away before the animal could injure her further. She's fine-so is the jaguar.

This isn’t the first time a story of a person acting rudely to get close to a wild animal made headlines. Last year. a man jumped into a lion enclosure at a zoo for a close-up photo.     1    Multiple tourists in Yellowstone National Park have been attacked by bison(野牛) when they’ve gotten too close for a photo.

It's common sense not to get close to wild animals that can hurt you. It's why zoos have barriers -sometimes multiple walls-to keep people separated from animals. Signs posted everywhere state the obvious warning. Keep your hands off the cage.

"Yet animals have become less real to us, " says an environmentalist. We see exotic animals most frequently in managed settings like zoos.     2     People are trying to take advantage of their rarity to show off on social media and ignore their fierceness.

Media often normalize interaction with dangerous animals. Seeing a man like "Lion Whisperer" Kevin Richardson regularly play-fight with lions on TV, may send the message that these animals aren't so dangerous after all.

Social media are also perfectly positioned to contribute to the rise of animal selfies. Getting likes and comments provide instant satisfaction. Your self-esteem actually gets a temporary boost. To hold onto that feeling, people may go to more and more extremes to showcase the most exciting versions of themselves. It may not be enough to get a photo of a beautiful, dangerous animal from outside a cage.     3    

People' s careless approach can put the animal's safety at risk as well. Zoo animals often must be killed to protect the person who’s entered their space. In fact, thrill-seekers actively endanger the lives of animals.     4    with the zoo environment, they take it for granted that animals are there for people, ignoring the fact that animals and humans are both equal existents in the nature.

A．The animals, to some extent, become tools to us.

B．Although violence against zoo animals is often reported, the issue of animal welfare has aroused little attention recently.

C．By taking a selfie, you show that you're part of that experience.

D．The comparison between caged animals and wild ones are appealing to people.

E．Similar incidents are a regular occurrence in natural settings.

F．The common factor is that some people are not respecting animal.

4 . 听下面一段材料，回答以下小题。
1.

A．Because they are cold to each other.

B．Because they look away from each other.

C．Because they are introduced at an early age.

D．Because they misunderstand each other’s signals.

2.

A．They eat and sleep together.

B．They observe each other’s behaviors.

C．They learn to speak each other’s language.

D．They know something from each other’s voices.

3.

A．We should learn to live in harmony.

B．We must know more about animals.

C．We should live in peace with animals.

D．We must learn more body languages.

5 . Directions: Fill in each blank with a proper word chosen from the box. Each word can only be used once. Note that there is one word more than you need.

As the increased amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, heat stress, longer droughts(干旱), and more intense rainfalls linked to global warming continue to upset our daily weather, we often forget they also     1     the quantity, quality, and growing locations of our food. Many foods have already     2     top spots on the world's "endangered foods" list, indicating their possibility to become scarce within the next 30 years.

To start with what is     3     in many people’s lives, we are disappointed to find that coffee plantations in South America, Africa, Asia, and Hawaii are all being threatened by rising air temperatures and erratic(不稳定的) rainfall patterns, which invite disease and invasive species to     4     the coffee plant and beans. The result?

Significant cuts in coffee output. And Coffee's culinary cousin, cacao (aka chocolate), is also suffering stress from global warming's rising temperatures. But for chocolate, it isn't the warmer climate alone that's the problem. Cacao trees actually prefer warmer climates as long as that warmth is paired with high humidity and     5     rain. However, the problem is that the higher temperatures projected for the world's leading chocolate-producing countries are not expected to be    6    by an increase in rainfall. Therefore as higher temperatures take more moisture from soil and plants, it's unlikely that rainfall will increase enough to make up for this loss.

A notably nutritious plant, the peanut grows best when it gets five months of continuous warm weather and 20 to 40 inches of rain. Anything less and plants won't survive. That isn't good news when most climate models agree that the climate of the future will be one of the     7    , including droughts and heatwaves.

The world has already caught a glimpse of the peanut's future fate when last year a serious drought across the peanut-growing Southeastern U.S. led many plants to die.

According to a financial report, the dry     8     caused peanut prices to rise by as much as 40 percent!

Finally, in the world of sea, as air temperatures rise, oceans and waterways absorb some of the heat and undergo warming of their own. The result is the     9    in fish population. Warmer waters also encourage vicious marine bacteria, like Vibrio, to grow and cause illness in humans.

And that satisfying "crack" you get when eating crab(蟹) could be     10     as shellfish struggle to build their calcium carbonate (碳酸钙) shells, a result of ocean acidification.