1 . We may think we're a culture that gets rid of our worn technology at the first sight of something shiny and new, but a new study shows that we keep using our old devices(装置) well after they go out of style. That’s bad news for the environment — and our wallets — as these outdated devices consume much more energy than the newer ones that do the same things.
To figure out how much power these devices are using, Callie Babbitt and her colleagues at the Rochester Institute of Technology in New York tracked the environmental costs for each product throughout its life — from when its minerals are mined to when we stop using the device. This method provided a readout for how home energy use has evolved since the early 1990s. Devices were grouped by generation — Desktop computers, basic mobile phones, and box-set TVs defined 1992. Digital cameras arrived on the scene in 1997. And MP3 players, smart phones, and LCD TVs entered homes in 2002, before tablets and e-readers showed up in 2007.
As we accumulated more devices, however, we didn't throw out our old ones. "The living-room television is replaced and gets planted in the kids' room, and suddenly one day, you have a TV in every room of the house," said one researcher. The average number of electronic devices rose from four per household in 1992 to 13 in 2007. We're not just keeping these old devices — we continue to use them. According to the analysis of Babbitt's team, old desktop monitors and box TVs with cathode ray tubes are the worst devices with their energy consumption and contribution to greenhouse gas emissions(排放)more than doubling during the 1992 to 2007 window.
So what's the solution(解决方案)? The team's data only went up to 2007, but the researchers also explored what would happen if consumers replaced old products with new electronics that serve more than one function, such as a tablet for word processing and TV viewing. They found that more on-demand entertainment viewing on tablets instead of TVs and desktop computers could cut energy consumption by 44%.
1. What does the author think of new devices?A.They are environment-friendly. | B.They are no better than the old. |
C.They cost more to use at home. | D.They go out of style quickly. |
A.To reduce the cost of minerals. |
B.To test the life cycle of a product. |
C.To update consumers on new technology. |
D.To find out electricity consumption of the devices. |
A.The box-set TV. | B.The tablet. |
C.The LCD TV. | D.The desktop computer. |
A.Stop using them. | B.Take them apart. |
C.Upgrade them. | D.Recycle them. |
Your Cat Might Not Be Ignoring You When You Speak
Every cat owner has a story to tell of being blanked by their cat. We call to our cat, it turns away, and some of us might be left
A study by French researchers
“We found that hearing their owners using a high-pitched voice, cats reacted more than when hearing their owner speaking normally to another human adult,” said Charlotte de Mouzon, an author of the study. “But it actually didn’t work when it came from a stranger’s voice.”
So the researchers for the latest study went to the cats’ homes and played recordings of different types of speech and different speakers. At first, there was concern from Dr. de Mouzon and her team for lack of reaction from the cats, but upon analysis of the film recordings, delicate reactions
In the study, there were a few cases
3 . The term “seal” is often used to refer to both seals and sea lions, but there are several characteristics that set seals and sea lions apart.
Seals and sea lions are both in the order Carnivora and suborder Pinnipedia, thus they are called “pinnipeds.” Pinnipeds are mammals that are well-adapted for swimming. They usually have a streamlined barrel shape (桶形) and four flippers at the end of each limb (四肢). They also give birth to live young and nurse their young. Pinnipeds are protected by a thick layer of fat under their skin and fur to keep them warm in water. There are three families of pinnipeds: the Phocidae, the earless or true seals; the Otariidae, the eared seals, and the Odobenidae, the walruses.
Characteristics of Phocidae (Earless or True Seals)
Earless seals have no visible ear flaps, although they still have ears, which may be visible as a dark spot or small hole on the side of their head.
“True” seals:
Have no external ear flaps.
Swim with their hind flippers. Their hind flippers always face backward and are furred.
Have front flippers that are short, furry and thick in appearance.
Can be found in both marine and freshwater environments.
Characteristics of Otariidae (Eared Seals, Including Fur Seals and Sea Lions)
One of the most noticeable features of eared seals is their ears, but they also move around differently than true seals.
Eared seals:
Have external ear flaps.
Are only found in marine environments.
Swim with their front flippers. Unlike earless seals, their hind flippers can turn forward, and they are able to walk, and even run, on their flippers. The “seals” you may see performing at marine parks are often sea lions.
May gather in larger groups than true seals. Sea lions are much more vocal than true seals, and make a variety of loud, barking noises.
Characteristics of Walruses
Wondering about walruses, and how they differ from seals and sea lions? Walruses are pinnipeds, but they are in the family, Odobenidae. One obvious difference between walruses, seals and sea lions is that walruses are the only pinnipeds with tusks—a pair of long pointed teeth. These tusks are present in both males and females.
Other than tusks, walruses have some similarities to both seals and sea lions. Like true seals, walruses don’t have visible ear flaps. But, like eared seals, walruses can walk on their flippers by rotating their hind flippers under their body.
1. According to the passage, which of the following statements about pinnipeds is true?A.Pinnipeds are good swimmers. |
B.Pinnipeds are afraid of cold weather. |
C.Pinnipeds are of the Phocidae family. |
D.Seals and sea lions are pinnipeds, while walruses are not. |
A.the sea lion cannot play ball | B.the true seal cannot hear well |
C.the sea lion doesn’t have ear flaps | D.the true seal can’t walk with hind flippers |
A. | B. |
C. | D. |
4 . Do animals have feelings?
People often assign feelings to animals. That zoo polar bear’s vacant stare must mean he’s sad. The uh-oh expression a dog flashes after knocking over the garbage indicates shame. But scientists haven’t determined whether these human-like expressions really mean anything. After all, it’s very difficult to read a dog’s mind.
Scientists believe that certain brain cells in humans called spindle cells (棱形细胞) are responsible for human social behavior and the interplay between thoughts and feelings. Studies have revealed that chimpanzee, dolphin and whale brains also possess spindle cells.
Even animals that don’t have spindle cells, such as dogs, have shown behaviors that can suggest a human-like social sense.
Observations of apes have also revealed behavior that appears to represent various human-like desires. In some tests, chimpanzees demonstrate what looks like altruism (利他主义) helping their own kind and even other species without the expectation of a reward.
A.Although these are all animals that can act people-like, the presence of these cells does not mean that the animals have feelings. |
B.Anyone who claims to know what animals feel doesn’t have science on their side. |
C.In recent experiments, dogs have shown that they know to follow a human’s pointed finger to find a food treat. |
D.Many people think that empathy is a special emotion only humans show. |
E.Other experiments have cast doubt that animal behavior can reliably signify an underlying feeling. |
F.This illustrates the difficulty in accurately interpreting animal behavior as a marker of human-like feelings. |
A. arrives B. observable C. boundless. D. contained. E. distancing. F. expansion G. lies H. parallel I. perceiving J. threads K. volume |
What Comes After Space?
Looking at a clear night sky you witness the vastness of space, which holds everything humans know to exist. To find out what
The
The furthest humans can see out into space,using all the technology currently available to us,is 46 billion light years (alight year is the distance that light can travel in one year,and is equivalent to about 9. 5 million million kilometres). The
Moving further away
Experts have captured images of the entire Earth from space,and some astronauts have personally witnessed its beauty from orbit. Perhaps
Another challenge is the universe’s rapid
Many universes?
It’s possible that there isn’t just one universe, and that our universe is just one small part of a “multiverse”. Perhaps our universe is
Does Recycling Work For Plastic?
Dealing with plastic waste is always a tough problem. According to the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), half of the world’s plastic waste ends up in a landfill, 19% burned, and another 22% escapes waste management systems and goes into uncontrolled dumpsites.
So environmentalists suggest plastic waste should be recycled properly, which proves an effective way to handle other waste like paper, cardboard, metal and glass. However, a new study by Greenpeace, and reporting in the Boston Globe, suggests that recycling plastic is a “myth” and raises a major question about the future: does recycling work? Unfortunately, the short answer is “not really.”
There’s been a lot of debate over what really happens to recycled plastic. But scientists say that recycling plastic waste has mostly failed because it’s very difficult to collect and nearly impossible to sort. Because plastic is often made from harmful materials, it can be harmful to the environment to reprocess.
Much of the solution falls on big companies to change the way they do business. The way forward seems to be mostly to cut down on companies’ reliance on plastic packaging, and to move toward reusable packaging and packaging-free alternatives. Above all, companies need to phase out all single-use plastics. For the consumer, living more plastic-free is the only real solution available. Avoiding drinks in plastic containers, using a travel mug or reusable water bottle, bringing your own reusable bag, buying in bulk and cutting back on pre-packaged foods are all a good start.
But in the end, corporate America needs a deeper commitment to the plastic waste problem. “Companies must take action now to get rid of single-use plastics and packaging and not rely on false solutions such as recycling,” says Greenpeace.
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7 . I know when the snow melts and the first robins (知更鸟) come to call, when the laughter of children returns to the parks and playgrounds, something wonderful is about to happen.
Spring cleaning.
I’ll admit spring cleaning is a difficult notion for modern families to grasp. Today’s busy families hardly have time to load the dishwasher, much less clean the doormat. Asking the family to spend the weekend collecting winter dog piles from the melting snow in the backyard is like announcing there will be no more Wi-Fi. It interrupts the natural order.
“Honey, how about spending the weekend beating the rugs, sorting through the boxes in the basement and painting our bedroom a nice lemony yellow?” I ask.
“Can we at least wait until the NBA matches are over?” my husband answers.
But I tell my family, spring cleaning can’t wait. The temperature has risen just enough to melt snow but not enough for Little League practice to start. Some flowers are peeking out of the thawing ground, but there is no lawn to seed, nor garden to tend. Newly wakened from our winter’s hibernation, yet still needing extra blankets at night, we open our windows to the first fresh air floating on the breeze with all of the natural world demanding “Awake and be clean!”
Biologists offer a theory about this primal impulse to clean out every drawer and closet in the house at spring’s first light, which has to do with melatonin, the sleepytime hormone our bodies produce when it’s dark. When spring’s light comes, the melatonin declines, and suddenly we are awakened to the dusty, virus- filled house we’ve been hibernating in for the past four months.
I tell my family about the science and psychology of a good healthy cleaning at spring arrival. I speak to them about life’s greatest rewards waiting in the removal of soap scum (浮垢) from the bathtub, which hasn’t been properly cleaned since the first snowfall.
“I’ll do it,” says the eldest child, a 21-year-old college student who lives at home. “You will? Wow!” I exclaim.
Maybe after all these years, he’s finally grasped the concept. Maybe he’s expressing his rightful position as eldest child and role model. Or maybe he’s going to Florida for a break in a couple of weeks and he’s being nice to me, the financial-aid officer.
No matter. Seeing my adult son willingly cleaning that dirty bathtub gives me hope for the future of his 12-year-old brother who, instead of working, was found to be sleeping in the seat of the window he was supposed to be cleaning.
“Awake and be clean!” I say.
1. According to the passage, for modern families, spring cleaning ________.A.calls for more complicated skills |
B.is no longer something natural to do |
C.is a highly-respected tradition |
D.requires more family members to be involved |
A.Because spring is the best time for us to relax ourselves. |
B.Because there will be more activities when it gets warmer. |
C.Because our garden requires immediate cleaning after winter. |
D.Because the weather in spring makes it easier for us to do so. |
A.The reduction of melatonin will give rise to wakefulness in our bodies. |
B.A dusty, virus-filled house is largely to blame for our sleepiness in winter. |
C.A role model is needed to help other members grasp the concept of spring cleaning. |
D.The author’s eldest son agrees to clean the bathtub because she will finance his trip. |
A.Spring Cleaning Affords No Delay! |
B.Modernity Kills Spring Cleaning |
C.Spring Cleaning — to Do or Not to Do? |
D.The Young Need Spring Cleaning |
8 . We’ve all heard the stories of an actor’s struggles before a career breakthrough: living a hard life, working part time, being a couch potato before getting that major role. Shelby, the star of “A Dog’s Way Home,” has a hard-luck tale that could top them all. Before her big break, she was living in a landfill, rooting through garbage for her next meal.
Shelby’s big break came in April 2017, when animal-control officer Megan Buhler was driving in Cheatham County. Tennessee. Out on an unrelated call, Buhler spotted and approached what she recalled was a noticeably scared puppy emerging from the dump. “I knelt down and just said, ‘Oh, come here, baby,’” said Buhler. “She was so scared, but she came right up to me, and I was able to put her in my truck.” The pair headed to the county animal shelter, where the staff began calling the new resident Baby Girl.
Buhler and others didn’t know that 3,200 kilometers away, Hollywood was looking for a dog to play Bella in a film written by Cathryn Michon. The find-a-Bella job went to freelance trainer Teresa Ann Miler. Her mission was to search shelters nationwide for a dog that could play Bella. One day, Miller spotted Baby Girl’s adoption photo. “Honestly, it was a really good picture, and she was flat-out smiling,” Miller said. Then she met Baby Girl, and assessed her on personality and the ability to respond to simple commands. After assessment, she adopted Baby Girl from the shelter, renamed her Shelby and took her to California for training. Miller and Shelby trained for just over three months before filming began. Then they were together each day on the set.
Most of the film’s reviews have praised Shelby’s performance. Variety made the comments “an amazing dog, perfect performance!”
Shelby has come a long way from the dump. But Buhler said she saw Shelby recently had needed only a second to compare the movie star with the dog she found from piles of trash. “She’s exactly the same,” Buhler said.
1. Why does the author mention an actor’s struggle before a career breakthrough at the very beginning?A.To make a sharp contrast between an actor’s struggle and a dog’s struggle. |
B.To introduce a dog’s similar but even more striking experiences. |
C.To attract reader’s attention by giving dramatic examples. |
D.To clearly point out the main idea of the passage. |
A.Her adoption picture. | B.Her flat-out smiling. |
C.her personality and ability. | D.Her miserable experiences. |
A.the dog returned to the piles of trash where she found it |
B.it took quite a lot of trouble for the dog to change her own fate. |
C.she’s really excited to see the dog she helped live such a happy life |
D.the dramatic change of the dog’s life hasn’t changed her inner quality |
A.The Success of “A Dog’s Way Home” |
B.From a Landfill Puppy to a Movie Star |
C.The Trainer and Her Star Dog |
D.Shelby’s Hard-luck Story |
9 . Throughout history, many lives have been lost at the hands of severe weather. Meteorologists (气象学家) and scientists alike are always investigating new ways to increase the warning time for storms, with the hope of reducing the
Meteorologists and scientists have been able to successfully track severe thunderstorms and possible tornadoes by using an advanced tracking system called NEXRAD (Next-Generation Radar). NEXRAD is a tracking network
These
If the storm is severe enough, then the National Weather Service (NWS) will
On the television screen you will see several colors on the precipitation map,
When local weather radar in Atlanta, Georgia reported high winds,
Thanks to this technology, most residents received the severe weather reports early enough to seek
A.loss | B.increase | C.protection | D.value |
A.changing | B.controlling | C.predicting | D.guiding |
A.faced with | B.exposed to | C.involved in | D.made up of |
A.structure | B.system | C.mode | D.style |
A.figures | B.data | C.readings | D.statistics |
A.Most likely | B.Most evidently | C.Most interestingly | D.Most importantly |
A.decide | B.estimate | C.handle | D.issue |
A.By the way | B.In that case | C.To some extent | D.On the contrary |
A.vital | B.reasonable | C.normal | D.available |
A.expanding | B.spreading | C.ranging | D.extending |
A.proper | B.specific | C.typical | D.regular |
A.straight | B.unique | C.general | D.circular |
A.process | B.threat | C.warning | D.sign |
A.indicating | B.recognizing | C.revealing | D.recommending |
A.rescue | B.residence | C.support | D.shelter |
10 . Some plants get so hungry that they eat flies, spiders, and even small frogs. What’s more amazing is that these plants occur naturally (in special environments) in every state. In fact, they’re found on every continent except Antarctica.
You’ve probably seen a Venus’ flytrap. It’s often sold in museum gift stores, department stores, and even supermarkets. A small plant, it grows 6 to 8 inches tall in a container. At the end of its stalks (茎) are specially modified leaves that act like traps. Inside each trap is a lining of tiny trigger hairs. When an insect lands on them, the trap suddenly shuts. Over the course of a week or so, the plant feeds on its catch.
The Venus flytrap is just one of more than 500 species of meat-eating plants, says Barry Meyers-Rice, the editor of the International carnivorous (食肉的) Plant Society’ s Newsletter. Note: Despite any science-fiction stories you might have read, no meat-eating plant does any danger to humans.
Dr. Meyers-Rice says a plant is meat-eating, only if it does all four of the following “attract, kill, digest, and absorb” some from of insects, including flies, butterflies, and moths. Meat-eating plants look and act like other green plants -- well, most of the time.
All green plants make sugar through a process called photosynthesis (光合作用). Plants use the sugar to make food. What makes “meat-eating” plants different is their bug-catching leaves. They need insects for one reason: nitrogen. Nitrogen is a nutrient that they can’t obtain any other way. While almost all green plants on our planet get nitrogen from the soil, “meat-eating” plants can’t. They live in places where nutrients are hard or almost impossible to get from the soil because of its acidity. So they’ve come to rely on getting nitrogen from insects and small animals. In fact, nutrient-rich soil is poisonous to “meat-eating” plants. Never fertilize them! But don’t worry, either, if they never seem to catch any insects. They can survive, but they’ll grow very slowly.
1. According to the passage, carnivorous plants ________.A.only grow in wild field | B.are rare to see |
C.are as common as flies | D.cannot grow on Antarctica |
A.its numerous long an thin stalks | B.a container where it grows |
C.its insect-catching leaves | D.the lining of tiny trigger hairs |
A.carnivorous plants are dangerous |
B.carnivorous plants are fictional |
C.carnivorous plants occasionally eat book |
D.carnivorous plants are harmless to humans |
A.Carnivorous plants cannot grow in acid soil |
B.Carnivorous plants can grow in nutrient-poor soil |
C.Carnivorous plants will die if they cannot catch any insects |
D.Carnivorous plants can get nitrogen from nutrient-rich soil |