2 . Questions are based on the following passage.
1.

A．How to do the gardening	B．How to get birds to a garden.
C．How to take care of birds.	D．How to feed birds in a garden.

2.

A．Shelter. food and water.	B．Fruit water and insects
C．Plants. shelter and food.	D．Plants. seeds and insects.

3.

A．Not to observe them.	B．Not to approach them.
C．Play with them regularly.	D．Play some music for them.

3 .

A．The broadcast.

B．The weather.

C．The latest news.

D．The holiday

4 . Directions: After reading the passage and the sentences below, fill in each blank with a proper word given in the box. Each word can be used only once. Note that there is one more word than you need.

A. accurate       B. alteration       C. average     D. calculates       E. conceal       F. enormously    G. initial        H. intervals     I. merely        J. multiply       K. prediction

Beyond two or three days, the world’s best weather forecasts are doubtful, and beyond six or seven they are worthless.

The Butterfly Effect is the reason. For small pieces of weather—to a global forecaster, small can mean thunder—storms and blizzards—any     1    becomes worse rapidly. Errors and uncertainties     2    , gathering upward through a chain of unable features, from dust devils(尘旋风) and storms up to continent-size eddies(旋涡)    3    satellites can see.

The modern weather models work with net-like points sixty miles apart, and even so, some     4    data have to be guessed, since ground stations and satellites cannot see everywhere. But suppose the earth could be covered with sensors placed one foot apart, rising at one-foot     5     all the way to the top of the atmosphere. Suppose every sensor gives perfectly     6    readings of temperature, pressure, humidity(温度), and any other data a weatherman would want. Exactly at noon a(n)     7     powerful computer takes all the data and     8    what will happen at each point at 12.01, then 12.02, then 12.03…

The computer will still be unable to predict whether Princeton will have sun or rain one month away. At noon the spaces between the sensors will     9    alterations that the computer will not know about, tiny variations from the     10    . By 12.01, those fluctuations will already have created small errors one foot away. Soon the errors will have added to the ten-foot scale，and so on up to the size of the globe.

5 . The Paris climate agreement finalised in December last year indicated a new era for climate action. For the first time, the world’s nations agreed to keep global warming well below 2℃.

This is vital for climate-vulnerable nations. Fewer than 4% of countries are responsible for more than half of the world’s greenhouse gas emissions. In a study published in Nature Scientific Reports, we reveal just how deep this injustice runs.

Developed nations such as Australia, the United States, Canada, and European countries are essentially climate “free-riders”: causing the majority of the problems through high greenhouse gas emissions, while paying few of the costs such as climate changes impact on food and water. In other words, a few countries are benefiting enormously from the consumption of fossil fuels, while at the same time contributing disproportionately to the global burden of climate change.

On the other hand, there are many “forced riders”, who are suffering from the climate change impacts despite having scarcely contributed to the problem. Many of the world’s most climate-vulnerable countries, the majority of which are African or small island states, produce a very small quantity of emissions. This is much like a non-smoker getting cancer from second-hand smoke, while the heavy smoker is fortunate enough to smoke in good health.

The Paris agreement has been widely considered as a positive step forward in addressing climate change for all, although the details on addressing “climate justice” can be best described as incomplete.

The goal of keeping global temperature rise “well below” 2℃ deserves to be praised but the emissions reduction promises submitted by countries leading up to the Paris talks are very unlikely to deliver on this.

More than $100 billion in funding has been put on the table for supporting developing nations to reduce emissions. However, the agreement specifies that there is no formal distinction between developed and developing nations in their responsibility to cut emissions, effectively ignoring historical emissions. There is also very little detail on who will provide the funds or, importantly, who is responsible for their provision. Securing these funds and establishing who is responsible for raising them will also be vital for the future of climate-vulnerable countries.

The most climate-vulnerable countries in the world have contributed very little to creating the global disease from which they now suffer the most. There must urgently be a meaningful mobilization of the policies outlined in the agreement if we are to achieve national emissions reductions while helping the most vulnerable countries adapt to climate change.

And it is clearly up to the current generation of leaders from high-emitting nations to decide whether they want to be remembered as climate change tyrants (暴君) or pioneers.

1. The author is critical of the Paris climate agreement because ________.

A．it is unfair to those climate-vulnerable nations

B．it aims to keep temperature rise below 2℃ only

C．it is beneficial to only fewer than 4% of countries

D．it burdens developed countries with the full responsibility

2. Why does the author call some developed countries climate “free-riders”?

A．They needn’t worry about the food and water they consume.

B．They are better able to cope with the global climate change.

C．They hardly pay anything for the problems they have caused.

D．They are free from the greenhouse effects affecting “forced riders”.

3. What does the author say about the $100 billion funding?

A．It will motivate all nations to reduce carbon emissions.

B．There is no final agreement on where it will come from.

C．There is no clarification of how the money will be spent.

D．It will effectively reduce greenhouse emissions worldwide.

4. What urgent action must be taken to realize the Paris climate agreement?

A．Encouraging high-emitting nations to take the initiative.

B．Calling on all the nations concerned to make joint efforts.

C．Pushing the current world leaders to come to a consensus.

D．Putting in effect the policies in the agreement at once.

6 . Who would win in a fight, a lion or a tiger? Well, if size has anything to do with the matter, the tiger would win. That’s because tigers are the largest of all cat species. Tigers are not only large, they are also fast. They can sprint as fast as 40 miles per hour for short distances and leap as far as 30 feet horizontally. You might not think that such large, fast, and fierce creatures need help to survive, but they do.

It is estimated that at the start of the 20th century, there were over 100,000 tigers living in the wild. By the turn of the century, the number of tigers outside of captivity dwindled to just over 3,000. Interestingly, the most serious threats that tigers face come from a much smaller species, one with an average weight of around 140 lbs. That species is Homo sapiens, better known as humans. Humans threaten tigers in primarily two ways: hunting and destroying habitat.

Tigers are hunted for many reasons. People have long valued the famous striped skins. Though trading tiger skins is now illegal in most parts of the world, tiger pelts are worth around $10,000 on the black market. Though the fur would be incentive enough for most poachers, other parts of the tiger can also fetch a pretty penny. Some people in China and other Asian cultures believe that various tiger parts have healing properties. Traditional Chinese medicine calls for the use of tiger bones, amongst other parts, in some prescriptions.

Tigers have also been hunted as game. In other words, people hunted tigers solely for the thrill and achievement of killing them. Such killings took place in large scale during the 19th and early 20th centuries, when an English hunter might claim to kill over a hundred tigers in their hunting career. Though this practice is much less popular today than it was in the past, it has not ceased entirely.

Humans have done considerable damage to the world’s tiger population through hunting, but perhaps more damage has been caused through the destruction of habitat. Tigers once ranged widely across Asia, all the way from Turkey to the eastern coast of Russia. But over the past 100 years, tigers have lost 93% of their historic range. Instead of spanning all the way across Asia, the tiger population is now isolated in small pockets in southern and southeastern Asia. This is because humans have drastically changed the environments. Humans have built towns and cities. Road and transit systems were created to connect these towns and cities. To feed the people living in these areas, forests and fields have been cleared to create farmland.

A major obstacle to preserving tigers is the enormous amount of territory that each tiger requires. Each wild tiger demands between 200 and 300 square miles. Tigers are also both territorial and solitary animals. This means that they are protective of the areas that they claim and they generally do not share with other tigers. Because tigers need so much territory, it is really difficult for conservationists to acquire enough land to support a large population of tigers.

1. Which of the following is NOT a reason in the article explaining why tigers are hunted?

A．Because tiger skins are worth a lot of money.

B．Because tiger parts are used as medicines in some cultures.

C．Because some tigers attack local villages.

D．Because tigers are hunted for enjoyment by some people.

2. The underlined word “incentive” in the third paragraph probably means ________.

A．attractive

B．innovative

C．alternative

D．respective

3. Which best explains why tigers have lost so much of their habitat according to the text?

A．Because tigers are under threat from other animals.

B．Because tiger skins are extremely valuable.

C．Because the environment has been changed.

D．Because tigers need so much space to survive.

4. Which of the following best describes the author’s main purpose in writing this article?

A．To provide readers with interesting information about the lifestyles of tigers.

B．To persuade readers to help the world’s tiger population and to offer ways to help.

C．To entertain readers with stories about how tigers hunt and are hunted.

D．To explain to readers why the world’s tiger population is endangered.

7 . Questions are based on the following passage.1.

A．The quality of the food.	B．The direction to the food.
C．The distance to the food.	D．The smell of the food.

2.

A．Appreciative.	B．Believable.
C．Doubtful.	D．Supportive.

3.

A．His winning the Nobel Prize.	B．The British scientists’ study.
C．The videos of bees’ life.	D．The invention of radar.

8 . Lying in the sun on a rock, the cougar (美洲狮) saw Jeb and his son, Tom, before they saw it. Jeb put his bag down quickly and pulled his jacket open with both hands, making himself look big to the cougar. It worked. The cougar hesitated, ready to attack Jeb, but ready to forget the whole thing, too.

Jeb let go of his jacket, grasped Tom and held him across his body, making a cross. Now the cougar’s enemy looked even bigger, and it rose up, ready to move away, but unfortunately Tom got scared and struggled free of Jeb.

“Tom, no!” shouted his father.

But Tom broke and ran and that’s the last thing you do with a cougar. The second Tom broke free, Jeb threw himself on the cougar, just as it jumped from the rock. They hit each other in mid-air and both fell. The cougar was on Jeb in a flash, forgetting about Tom, which was what Jeb wanted.

Cougars are not as big as most people think and a determined man stands a chance, even with just his fists. As the cougar’s claws (爪子) got into his left shoulder, Jeb swung his fist at its eyes and hit, hard. The animal howled (吼叫) and put its head back. Jeb followed up with his other fist. Then out of the comer of his eye, Jeb saw Tom. The boy was running back to help his father.

“Knife, Tom,” shouted Jeb.

The boy ran to his father’s bag, while Jeb started shouting as well as hitting, to keep the cougar’s attention away from Tom. Tom got the knife and ran over to Jeb. The cougar was moving its head in and out, trying to find a way through the wall Jeb was making out of his arms. Tom swung with the knife, into the cougar’s back. It howled horribly and ran off into the mountains.

The whole fight had taken about thirty seconds.

1. Why did Jeb pull his jacket open when he saw the cougar?

A．To get ready to fight.	B．To frighten it away.
C．To protect the boy.	D．To cool down.

2. What do we know about cougars?

A．They are afraid of noises.	B．They hesitate before they hit.
C．They are bigger than we think.	D．They like to attack running people.

3. How did Jeb try to hold the cougar’s attention?

A．By keeping shouting and hitting.	B．By making a wall out of his arms.
C．By throwing himself on the cougar.	D．By swinging his fists at the cougar’s eyes.

4. Which the following happened first?

A．The cougar jumped from the rock.	B．Tom struggled free of his father.
C．Jeb asked Tom to get the knife.	D．Jeb held Tom across his body.

9 . Questions are based on the following news.1.

A．Beijing was the most polluted city.

B．The air quality index reading for Xi’an reached 500.

C．The AQI for Xingtai in Hebei Province was 491.

D．Emergency measures against air pollution have not been taken.

2.

A．About 100 cities.	B．About 50 cities.
C．About 500 cities.	D．About 20 cities.

3.

A．Limiting government vehicle use.

B．Putting off all construction.

C．Asking polluters to apologize for their action.

D．Reducing the emissions from power companies.

10 . Being able to land safely is a critically important skill for all flying animals. Comparatively speaking, ground living animals face no particular challenge when they need to stop running or crawling, while flying animals move at much higher speed, and they must be careful about how they land. Hitting the ground, or even water, at full flight speed would be quite dangerous. Before touching down, they must decrease their speed in order to land safely. Both bats and birds have mastered the skill of landing, but these two types of flyers go about it quite differently.

In the past it was believed that, in terms of flying mechanics, there was little difference between bats and birds. This belief was based only on assumption, however, because for years nobody had actually studied in detail how bats move their wings. In recent years, though, researchers have discovered a number of interesting facts about bat flight. Bats are built differently from birds, and their wings are made up of both their front and hind limbs (肢体). This makes coordinating (协调) their limbs more difficult for bats and, as a result, they are not very good at flying over longer distances. However, they are much better at the ability to adjust themselves: a bat can quickly change its direction of flight or completely reverse it, something a bird cannot easily do.

Another interesting characteristic of bat flight is the way in which bats land-upside down! Unlike birds which touch down on the ground or on tree branches, bats can be observed flying around and then suddenly hanging upside down from an object overhead. One downside to this landing routine is that the bats often land with some force, which probably causes pain. However, not all bats hit their landing spots with the same speed and force; these will vary depending on the area where a bat species makes its home. For example, a cave bat, which regularly lives on a hard stone ceiling, is more careful about its landing preparation than a bat more accustomed to landing in leafy treetops.

1. Which of the following is the topic of the passage?

A．Places where flying animals choose to land.

B．Why scientists have difficulty observing bats.

C．Differences in the eating habits of bats and birds.

D．Ways in which bats move differently from birds.

2. Which of the following is a false assumption about bats that was recently corrected?

A．They cannot hear any sound.	B．They sleep upside down.
C．They fly similarly to birds.	D．They hide in tree branches.

3. The word “it” (in 2^nd paragraph) probably refers to “______”.

A．the distance to the nets	B．the sense of flying height
C．the flying direction	D．the ability to change the speed

4. According to the passage, which of the following is NOT true?

A．Bats might hurt themselves when landing.

B．Bats can hang upside down like birds.

C．Bats can adjust speed before landing.

D．Bats and birds land in different ways.