1 . What’s really green?
Most of us are aware that we must take care of the environment, and the majority of us take steps to save energy and reduce waste and pollution. But recently, some “green truths” have been shown to be only half true, or even completely false.
Paper shopping bags are better than plastic ones.
Plastic bags cause litter and are a danger to wild animals, which mistake them for food. It takes hundreds of years for plastic to break down, but much less time for paper. Because of this, people think paper bags are the better environmental choice.
However, making a paper bag uses four times as much energy as making a plastic bag and up to three times the amount of water.
It seems like common sense: eating local food should be better for the environment, because it does not need to be transported long distances and kept cold during transport.
It’s better to take a shower than a bath.
Environmental awareness is now part of daily life. But it’s worth checking common ideas and opinions to see what’s really green.
A.So say no to plastic bags. |
B.Here are some common ones. |
C.Unfortunately, it is not that simple. |
D.Eating local food is good for the environment. |
E.The process also produces more greenhouse gases. |
F.It’s time that we took measures to protect our environment. |
G.It depends on how long you spend in the shower and how large your bath is. |
2 . Jackdaws (寒鸦) are the smallest member of the crow family. They often live in a crowd. Indeed, when cold weather comes, they gather in the hundreds (and sometimes thousands) every evening so that they can sleep in the same place. If you’ve ever heard jackdaws during their evening gatherings and morning departures, you’ll know they are not quiet birds. Despite being fairly low-volume during the day, they are really loud on either side of their night-time get-togethers. Why might this be?
A team of the Cornish Jackdaw Project set out to determine why jackdaws are so noisy before they depart from their sleeping spot. The team’s theory was that the morning calls might be a jackdaw version of “voting”. The researchers suspected that each individual’s call might count as an “I’m in!”. When a certain amount of “I’m in!”s are called —and so a certain volume of noise is reached -the group might then depart as a unit.
To test this idea, the researchers artificially increased the level of calls during the jackdaws’ natural morning calls. Their expectation was that, if jackdaws really are “voting with their voice” to decide when to depart the sleeping site, artificially adding calls would make them leave earlier than they naturally would have done. Subsequent experiments confirmed their expectation. The team therefore showed that jackdaws use their calls as a sort of voting system.
You might wonder why this happens. The researchers suggest that individual jackdaws benefit from the voting system because they are less at risk of being killed and they can get more access to social information — such as where to find food.
So the loud calls of jackdaws in the morning are therefore not the pure chaos it sounds like. If you are ever being driven mad by the sound in the morning, you can find comfort in the fact that the louder they get, the sooner they will leave you in peace.
1. What aspect of jackdaws confused scientists?A.Their strong team spirit. | B.Their preference for noisy habitats. |
C.Their collective sleeping habit. | D.Their unusual calling behavior. |
A.They stopped calling together. | B.They left their sleeping spot earlier. |
C.They became noisier and more active. | D.They changed their sleeping location. |
A.A signal of seeking food. | B.A strategy for better survival. |
C.A way to attract potential partners. | D.A method of displaying social skills. |
A.Jackdaws are Noise Makers. |
B.Jackdaws Have a Complex Voting System. |
C.Jackdaws ‘Vote’ to Make a Group Decision. |
D.Jackdaws ‘Vote’ to Choose Their Group Leaders. |
3 . Have you heard of the save soil movement? It was
The efforts of Sadhguru have
The movement aims to
The main motive of the campaign was to bring together people from all around the world to protect the soil’s health. Sadhguru has become
Sadhguru is also the author of the New York Times bestseller Inner Engineering: A Yogi’s Guide to Joy. He has been a(n)
A.launched | B.sponsored | C.experienced | D.commanded |
A.resulted in | B.originated from | C.paid back | D.reacted to |
A.airports | B.companies | C.conferences | D.locations |
A.abilities | B.struggles | C.characters | D.requests |
A.transform | B.address | C.drag | D.confirm |
A.messages | B.responses | C.proposals | D.positions |
A.exhausted | B.ambitious | C.successful | D.confident |
A.improvement | B.awareness | C.imagination | D.standard |
A.locally | B.individually | C.nationally | D.globally |
A.urging | B.requiring | C.cheering | D.permitting |
A.stable | B.ongoing | C.favorable | D.temporary |
A.However | B.Besides | C.Therefore | D.Meanwhile |
A.ensure | B.bring | C.affect | D.define |
A.strong | B.pleasant | C.determined | D.influential |
A.circumstance | B.lifestyle | C.atmosphere | D.soil |
4 . This past summer I set out on a journey to Canada’s Arctic. When I left I was wrapped in a blanket of uncertainty and
But when I first met the group members, I knew I didn’t have anything to
Approaching the Arctic, I was repeatedly
However, I also learned the pollutants carried by ocean from far away have a negative
During the journey, I talked with some
The Arctic is a land of incredible beauty which
A.relief | B.anxiety | C.pride | D.argument |
A.put up | B.prepare for | C.give up | D.worry about |
A.easy-going | B.well-behaved | C.sensitive | D.flexible |
A.failure | B.performance | C.adventure | D.conflict |
A.embarrassed | B.ashamed | C.amused | D.shocked |
A.watching | B.organizing | C.noticing | D.guessing |
A.painfully | B.patiently | C.unconsciously | D.doubtfully |
A.source | B.reaction | C.effect | D.development |
A.rest | B.ease | C.peace | D.risk |
A.hunt | B.explore | C.help | D.meet |
A.demanding | B.learned | C.modest | D.rigid |
A.classified | B.decorated | C.confused | D.occupied |
A.promises | B.benefits | C.deserves | D.intends |
A.take care of | B.make use of | C.run out of | D.became tired of |
A.deny | B.ensure | C.argue | D.overlook |
5 . As a young girl growing up in France, Sarah Toumi dreamed of becoming a leader who could make the world a better place. Her passion to help others was awakened when, from the age of nine, she accompanied her Tunisian father to his birthplace in the east of the country during holidays. There she organized homework clubs and activities for children.
Toumi witnessed first-hand the destructive effect of desertification (沙漠化). “Within 10 years rich farmers became worse off, and in 10 years from now they will be poor. I wanted to stop the Sahara Desert in its tracks.” A decrease in average rainfall and an increase in the severity of droughts have led to an estimated 75 percent of Tunisia’s agricultural lands being threatened by desertification.
Toumi recognized that farming practices needed to change. She is confident that small land areas can bring large returns if farmers are able to adapt by planting sustainable crops, using new technologies for water treatment and focusing on natural products and fertilizers rather than chemicals.
In 2012, Toumi consolidated (巩固) her dream of fighting the desert. She moved to Tunisia, and set up a programme named Acacias for All to put her sustainable farming philosophy (理念) into action. “I want to show young people in rural areas that they can create opportunities where they are. Nobody is better able to understand the impact of desertification and climate change than somebody who is living with no access to water.”
By September 2016, more than 130, 000 acacia trees had been planted on 20 pilot farms, with farmers recording a 60 percent survival rate. Toumi estimates that some 3 million acacia trees are needed to protect Tunisia’s farmland. She expects to plant 1 million trees by 2018. In the next couple of years, Toumi hopes to extend the programme to Algeria and Morocco.
1. How did Toumi’s holiday trips to Tunisia influence her?A.They made her decide to leave the country. |
B.They helped her better understand her father. |
C.They aroused her enthusiasm for helping others. |
D.They destroyed her dream of being a teacher. |
A.Low rainfall. | B.Soil pollution. | C.Cold weather. | D.Forest damage. |
A.To create job opportunities for young people. |
B.To help the children obtain a basic education. |
C.To persuade the farmers not to use fertilizers. |
D.To promote the protection of their farmland. |
A.Saving Water in Tunisia | B.Holding back the Sahara |
C.Planting Trees of Native Species | D.Fighting Poverty in North Africa |
6 . A happy beagle (小猎犬) called Bella loves Amazon boxes. It tears into them while ignoring other delivery boxes. Little Bit, a tortoiseshell cat, is similarly consumed — but by socks. It raids (偷袭) the laundry basket in the middle of the night and also paws through the open suitcases of house guests, who almost always find themselves missing a sock in the morning. Pets do some pretty weird things. But these strange behaviors often make perfect sense to the pets, said scientists who study animal behaviors. “These behaviors are not invented on the spot,” said Carlo Siracusa, a professor at the University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine. The pets are doing behaviors that their wild ancestors did, but they’ve changed them a bit to fit their new lives as pets.
Dogs can be trained to roll over and play dead. But their ancient instincts from their wolf ancestors are still there. Instincts, or instinctive behaviors, are behaviors that are done without thinking. They don’t have to be learned. For example, some dogs will scratch the ground after pooping(排便). But they’re not trying to bury their poop. They want other animals to notice it. “They are depositing smell in those areas,” Siracusa said. “It’s almost like drawing a picture with a big red marker around it,” he added.
Cats, on the other hand, almost always bury their waste. “They are covering their tracks,” says Monique Udell, an expert on human-animal interactions who works at Oregon State University. Cats are predators, meaning they hunt other animals for food. But other animals hunt them, too. So they don’t want to be seen-or smelled. Mikel Delgado, the founder of a California-based cat behavior consulting service, said that many other cat behaviors, arise from cats’ wild origins.
While dogs share many behaviors inherited (继承) from wolves, they’ve also developed a few of their own. “Puppy dog eyes”, the innocent look that many humans are helpless to resist, is one. Over the time period that they’ve lived with people, dogs have developed certain muscles around their eyes. This helps them make the adorable expressions that win over humans. Like wolves, dogs also like to lick faces. Humans think their pets are kissing them, but they are not. “It’s how wolf puppies get food from their parents’ mouths,” Siracusa said. “It also can be a sign of submission. When a lower-ranking individual approaches a higher-ranking one, it gets down real low and licks the dominant one to say: ‘I’m not a threat to you.’”
1. What has been done to introduce the topic in Paragraph 1?A.Telling a story. | B.Making a comparison. |
C.Presenting research results. | D.Criticizing pets’ bad behaviors. |
A.leaving | B.hiding | C.removing | D.detecting |
A.Cats are interested in burying their waste. |
B.Humans like the fact that their pet cats bury their waste. |
C.Pet cats bury their waste because their wild ancestors did so. |
D.Cats have changed a lot after becoming pets. |
A.Wolves run energetically around dominant wolves. |
B.Wolves show dominant wolves “puppy dog eyes”. |
C.Wolves beg food from dominant wolves. |
D.Wolves lick dominant wolves’ faces. |
7 . New findings suggest that when it-comes to learning, the snake may be quite a bit like humans. David Holtzman, a scientist at the University of Rochester, has found that snakes have a much greater capacity for learning than earlier studies had indicated.
Holtzman’s study challenged 24 snakes to escape from a black plastic container the size of a child’s pool. Cards mounted on the container’s walls and tape on its floor provided the snakes with visual and touchable signals to find their goal: holes in the container’s bottom that offer a dark, comfortable spot to hide.
Simply falling into a hole isn’t the only proof that the snakes are learning something, though. “Speed to find that goal is one of the measures which shows they’re learning,” Holtzman says. “On average, they take over 700 seconds to find the correct hole on the first day of training, and then go down to about 400 seconds by the fourth day of training. Some are actually very fast and find it in less than 30 seconds.”
Studies dating back to the 1950s interpreted snakes’ awkwardness with mazes(迷宫)as a poor reflection on their intelligence. “Early attempts to study snake intelligence were problematic because the studies used mazes as testing arenas(场地)-as though snakes might be expected to run through mazes in the same way mice run through mazes,” says Peter Kareiva, a professor of zoology. “Snakes do not encounter anything like mazes in nature, and they do not learn how to run mazes in laboratory conditions.”
Holtzman also found a few age-based differences in the signals the snakes use. Young snakes appear to be more adaptable and resourceful, using a variety of clues to find their way to the exit.But their elders seem to rely much more heavily on visual clues. “Actually, one of the amazing findings from our studies is that snakes do use vision in locating places,” says Holtzman. “They don’t just rely on the chemical clues picked up by sticking their tongues out, as many snake biologists assume.”
1. What is the function of the cards and tape?A.To direct the snakes to the exits. |
B.To protect the snakes from bright lights. |
C.To cover the holes at the container’s bottom. |
D.To make the container a comfortable spot to stay. |
A.They are skillful escapers. | B.They are good learners. |
C.They communicate with each other. | D.They adapt to environments quickly. |
A.They chose the wrong testing arenas. |
B.They failed to do tests in laboratory conditions. |
C.They referred to studies dating back to the 1950s. |
D.They compared snakes with a different kind of animal. |
A.They rely on sight to find their way. |
B.They leave chemical clues everywhere. |
C.The young beat their elders in many ways. |
D.Their tongues are unable to recognize chemical clues. |
8 . Now you can have polar bears as pen friends. First you need to find one, then tranquilize it and quickly give it the necessary tools before it wakes up. It’s an awkward first encounter — how many friendships do you know that start with tranquilizers? — and admittedly a one-sided correspondence, but soon they’ll be sending messages daily.
Every morning, Jon Aars, a senior researcher at the Nowegian Polar Institute, receives a bunch of emails from several female polar bears, letting him know where they are. Each year, Aars and his colleagues fit around 70 polar bears with a tracking collar which continuously logs movement. Once a day the collar makes a satellite call, sending the last 24 hours of data back to the Institute. “Data about movement has been very important to understand how they might respond to climate change,” Aars explains.
A warming climate means a vast amount of sea ice is melting. Several seal species — polar bears’ main food — rely on sea ice, and more often than not, where sea ice can be found, so too can polar bears. But these creatures are being forced to move. “We have seen that bears are in different areas than they used to be -so much further north,” Aars explains.
The collar can also record body temperature, which can tell scientists if a bear has moved inside a habitat-an indication the animal is going to give birth. Sea ice loss is also having an impact on where polar bears are born. “Important areas that they used to go to give birth to cubs are more or less lost,” says Aars. “Bears are now swimming as far as 200 kilometers to reach an island habitat,” he adds, “something they did not need to do 20 years ago.”
Aars hopes his research could reveal how to help his pen friends hold out a little longer. “What is important for us is that all this data tells us how they will respond in the future,” he adds.
1. What does the author intend to do in Paragraph 1?A.Provide some key facts about polar bears. | B.Explain how to deal with wild polar bears. |
C.Suggest ways to save tranquilized polar bears. | D.Describe how to get polar bears ready for tracking. |
A.Guiding polar bears to sea ice. | B.Protecting polar bears from hunting. |
C.Labeling polar bears ready to give birth. | D.Collecting polar bears movement data. |
A.They are forced to move south. | B.They have trouble finding food. |
C.Their habitats are too hot to live up. | D.Their cubs fail to adapt to the climate. |
A.Polar bears: creatures on sea ice. |
B.Climate change: polar bears face extinction. |
C.Another wake-up: sea ice loss is speeding up. |
D.Emails from the edge: polar bears send messages to scientists. |
The Fanjingshan World Heritage property is located in South-West China,
Fanjingshan is an island of rock in a sea of karst and is home
10 . On the day the tornado hit, there was no indication that severe weather was on its way—the sky was blue and the sun had been out. The first alert my husband, Jimmy, 67, and I, 65, got came around 9 p. m. , from some scrolling text on the TV Jimmy was watching. He ran upstairs to find me in our thirdfloor bedroom, and we changed the channel from the presidential primary debate I had been watching to our local Pensacola, Florida, station.
No sooner had we found coverage of the tornado than it was on top of us. It was the loudest thing I have ever heard. The bones of the house shook, and the power went out. The wind began to roar through the house, most likely through blownout windows and the door to our garage. We had three flights of steps to navigate to get to the relative safety of the first floor, because the cupboard down there is underneath a brick staircase.
I didn’t know how or if we would make it down the steps. It felt as if there were no floor underneath me as the wind lifted me off my feet. I tried to move forward, but this intense pressure held me in place.
As we reached the last flight of steps, our front door blew out. Pieces of glass that looked like crushed ice flew everywhere. Suddenly, a threefootlong tree branch crashed into the door frame. It flew over our heads, missing us by inches. Had we been one step up, it would have hit us.
By the time I reached the cupboard, the tornado had been over us for about a minute. Jimmy pushed me down to the cupboard floor, but he couldn’t get inside himself because of the wind. I held Jimmy’s arm and tried to bring Jimmy with it. My knees were full of glass, but at that moment, I felt no pain. If I had let go, Jimmy would have flown right out the back of the house and into the bay.
All of a sudden, Jimmy lifted off his feet like people in tornadoes do in the movies. I thought he was gone. And then everything stopped. He landed on his feet. In those first quiet moments, I couldn't believe it was over, Jimmy said he'd go outside to check. “No,” I said. “Don’t leave me. Don’t leave me. ”
Our neighbor said the storm lasted four minutes. In that time, four of the twelve town houses in our unit were completely destroyed. Of the houses left standing, ours suffered the most damage. Amazingly, none of us were severely injured.
1. Where did the husband first get the warning information about the tornado?A.From the weather forecast. |
B.From a movie he was watching. |
C.From the local broadcast station. |
D.From the moving words on a TV programme. |
A.Power. | B.Description. | C.Arrival. | D.Delay. |
A.Because she didn't get any hurt when the storm hit. |
B.Because she was too scared to feel pain. |
C.Because she used all her strength to hold on to her husband. |
D.Because she had reached the cupboard and she was safe. |
A.To share with us her experience of surviving a tornado. |
B.To warn us of the danger caused by tornadoes. |
C.To show us how to fight against a tornado. |
D.To tell us how to protect us from dangerous tornadoes. |