1 . 阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。

In southern China, there is a famous road     1    (build) across Poyang Lake, which lies in the north of Jiangxi Province, China and is known as China’s second     2     (large) lake. People in China also call it “the most beautiful road under the water.”

This road is sure     3     (attract) a lot of attention towards the end of May every year. A lot of people come out of     4     (curious). The water level of the lake is so close to the surface of the road,     5     makes the view ahead broad and bright when people drive along. It’s as though they were taking a boat across the lake. The feeling is     6     (simple) wonderful!

For the next few months, this road is not above the surface    7    under the water. When the water level of Poyang Lake starts to go up, the road surface becomes unseen. However, drivers can still drive across the lake safely     8     watching the guardrails(防撞护栏) fixed on either side of the road. For thrill-seeking motorists, it’s like     9     (drive) an amphibious(水陆两栖的) super car. Then in a few days, the entire road     10     (flood) with the continuously rising water. A few months later, the road will reappear.

2 . Despite being one of the most famous and frequented attractions in the United States,     1    . Here are a few facts about the Grand Canyon you probably don’t know.

We don’t really know how old it is

It has long been believed that the Colorado River began carving the Grand Canyon about 6 million years ago,     2    . It suggests that the process may have begun as far back as 70 million years. In all likelihood, the Grand Canyon as we know it today started out as a series of smaller canyons 70 million years ago, but the majority of the canyon did not begin to take shape until much more recently.

    3    .

Of all Grand Canyon facts, this one is pretty cool—no word-play intended. Sudden changes in altitude have an enormous impact on temperature and rainfall, so the weather you are experiencing could differ dramatically, depending on where you are in the Grand Canyon. The coldest, wettest weather station in the region is the Bright Angel Ranger Station on the North Rim, while the hottest (and one of the driest) is just 8 miles away at Phantom Ranch.

There are lots of fossils in the area

While the dinosaur might have missed out on seeing the Grand Canyon, lots of other fossils have been found.     4    . They vary from ancient marine fossils dating back 1.2 billion years to fairly recent land mammals that left their remains in canyon caves about 10,000 years ago.

Fish are relatively uncommon in the area

Prior to modern flood control measures, the Colorado River provided a uniquely difficult habitat for fish, with heavy mud with small rocks, frequent floods, and temperatures ranging from extreme heat in summer to sub-freezing in winter. Consequently, only eight fish species are native to the Grand Canyon,     5    .

A．but a 2012 study contained a real shocker

B．and many other species are found outside this area.

C．and six of them are found nowhere outside of the Colorado River.

D．The weather in the Grand Canyon is really cool.

E．This indicates that other creatures frequented the location.

F．The Grand Canyon creates its own weather.

G．Grand Canyon National Park still holds some surprises.

3 . Scientists from Deakin University in Australia have traced how about 30 species changed across various time periods in response to rising temperatures. They searched through nearly 100 past studies by other researchers, and tracked comparisons that date back a century or two in some cases. They found many creatures are changing the sizes and shapes of certain body parts.

“Warm-blooded animals in the wild rely on their own bodies to avoid overheating. They release heat through their appendages (肢体),” explains Sara Ryding, who led the study. For little creatures. like mice, tails do the job. For birds, their bills (喙) do the work.

The animals’ shape-shifting changes make sense, researchers say. In biology, an established concept called Bergmann’s rule shows that creatures that live in colder climates tend to be larger and thicker than those closer to the equator (赤道). Later, a biologist, Joel Asaph Allen further expanded the concept, saying that animals that adapted to cold climates have shorter limbs (肢) and bodily appendages — to keep the warmth in. For similar reasons, in hotter climates, warm-blooded animals"appendages become larger, relative to their body size. Larger appendages can help animals release more heat into the surrounding air.

Ryding’s team also conducted various field studies. One of them measured the bills of Galapagos finches from 2003 to 2011 and found they enlarged in response to temperature rises. Other data the researchers analyzed focused on European rabbits, which were brought to Australia and settled in areas with different weather. Those that found themselves in hotter places developed longer ears over time.

However, the researchers aren’t sure whether this shape-shifting is a good development. If larger ears or bills can help the animal cool off, that’s a good thing. But certain changes may damage some creatures’ ability to hunt for food. “If you’re a hummingbird and your bill is getting broader and wider, it may become too large to effectively feed on flowers where you’ re drawing your nutrition from,” says Ryding.

1. How did the scientists carry out their study?

A．By experimenting in the wild.	B．By referring to previous data.
C．By exploring a variety of fields.	D．By collecting information worldwide.

2. Why is Bergmann’s rule mentioned in Paragraph 3?

A．To offer background information.	B．To raise doubts about a concept.
C．To stress the role of weather changes.	D．To explain the researchers’ findings.

3. What do the researchers want to find out about animals’ shape-shifting changes?

A．Their rules.

B．Their reason.

C．Their effects.

D．Their frequency.

4. What does the text mainly tell us?

A．Animals are good at surviving tough situations.

B．Animals base their body changes on their environments.

C．Climate change forces animals to change their habitats.

D．It is wise of animals to use their different body parts effectively.

4 . 现在正是春暖花开的时节，对你来说春天意味着什么呢？请你以“What spring means to me”为题写一篇英语短文，参加你校英文报举办的春季征文大赛，内容包括：
1. 春天对你的影响；
2. 你对春天的感悟。
注意：
1. 词数100左右；
2. 题目已为你写好。
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5 . 阅读下面材料，根据其内容和所给段落开头语续写两段，使之构成一篇完整的短文。

When Ariel rode her bike to Jamaie Bay Wildlife Refuge in Queens, New York, last November, she planned to go hiking and bird-watching. After a one-mile walk, she found a beautiful female swan (天鹅) near the water’s edge. Ariel, 30 , who had worked at the Wild Bird Fund health recovery center, knew that some swans can be aggressive (攻击性的). But as she approached this one, it didn’t move. Ariel found that the swan which buried its neck in its wings seemed to have lost its all energy.

She was certain that the bird needed medical attention. Ariel took off her jacket and covered the bird’s head to keep it calm, carefully picked it up, and carried it in her arms gently. And then a thought struck her: What do I do now?

Her best choice was the recovery center, but that was across the East River and clear on the other side of town. How was she going to transport a 17-pound swan on her bike all that way? Luckily, some warm-hearted strangers driving by offered her, her bike, and the swan a lift to a nearby subway station.

On the subway, no one seemed particularly to focus on the feathered passenger. “One man was sitting right in front of me on his phone. I don’t know if he noticed there was a swan in front of him.” said Ariel. Ariel called the center, and Tristan Higginbotham, an animal-care manager, picked her up at the subway station and drove the bird, the bike, and the rescuer to the center.

注意：
1）所续写短文的词数应为150左右；
2）续写部分分为两段，每段的开头语已为你写好；

There, the staff members along with Ariel gave the swan careful examination.

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Soon Ariel’s story got spread online.

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6 . When we think of Antarctica, the first thing that comes to our mind is a picture of penguins and large areas covered with snow. Large amounts of white snow spreading over thousands of kilometers is a pretty good description of Antarctica.     1    

Research and observations conducted over the past few years have led to the conclusion that the Antarctic Peninsula's snow is turning green.     2     These algae (藻), even though they are individually incapable of being seen by eyes, are visible from space. These algae produce colonies called algal blooms, which spread over large areas.

    3     As a result, Antarctica is visible as many patches of green algae are on white snow from space. Algae are green because of the presence of the pigment chlorophyll, which helps in photosynthesis (光合作用). Not just green though, red algae have also been found on Antarctica's snow, leaving the snow painted red. These green and red algae are not just present on the surface of the snow.     4     When the upper layer of snow melts, the algal bloom remains visible in the layers below.

Scientists fear that such profound growth of algae can set off more global warming, causing even more snow to melt. To better understand that, we must consider that white snow reflects most of the sunlight that falls on it. However, as the surface of the snow darkens, it absorbs more and reflects less of the sunlight.     5     This will cause warming of the surrounding area at a faster rate, melting more snow day by day.

A．This is due to algal growth.

B．But, that legendary snow is not completely white anymore.

C．Sometimes, they can be present below the surface of the snow.

D．The algae grow so quickly that they occupy great areas of the snow.

E．The Antarctic is the area of the continent with the most vegetation.

F．More sunlight implies more heat trapped on the surface of the Earth.

G．Scientists are estimating the area covered by these green snow algae.

7 . In the world of water, 2021 was another year for the record books. Parts of Western Europe suffered from deadly floods while large areas of the southwestern United States remained locked in a massive drought.

One might think that our impressive water management would safeguard society from such catastrophic events. Yet when it comes to water, the past is no longer a good guide for the future and most of the water engineering is unprepared for consequences of increasingly occurring extreme weather. One of the most alarming wake-up calls came from the city of Cape Town, where the water taps of 4 million residents were nearly forced to be shut off after severe drought dried up its reservoir (水库).

Appealing as it might be, the solution is not to further build bigger and higher dams (水坝) that often result in more disastrous flooding. Rather, it is to work more with natural processes.

The Netherlands avoided major damage from the historic floods in July 2021 thanks to its recently completed project, which gives river room to spread out by redirecting floodwaters into wetlands, lowering parts of the stormy river by more than a foot. Agricultural practices offer another strategy. Scientists have found that boosting organic matter in the soil by 1% can increase the soil’s water-holding capacity by up to 18,000 gallons per acre, creating flexibility to both intense rains and dry periods. This means farmland practices such as the planting of cover crops can not only raise output but improve water management.

Solutions don’t come easily, but they are key to a livable future. While it’s too late to avoid the impacts of climate change, we can avoid the worst of those impacts by investing more in such nature-based water solutions.

1. Cape Town is mentioned to show__________.

A．the reservoir was of no use

B．new water management is in need

C．how awful it was without tap water

D．the existing water management is impressive

2. What can we learn from Paragraph 4?

A．The Netherlands was spared from flood damage.

B．The river’s water level was reduced to over a foot.

C．Improving soil’s water-holding ability is practical.

D．Planting crops boosts organisms at the cost of production.

3. Which of the following water projects might win the author’s favor?
① “Restoring Healthy Soil”     
② “Filling Wetland”
③ “Strengthening Dam”   
④ “Making Room for River”

A．①②

B．②③

C．③④

D．①④

4. What can be a suitable title for the text?

A．Water disaster: way out of control

B．Investment in water: a key to the future

C．Nature-based solution: a way out for water

D．Good news: farming practices working well

8 . The yogurt that’ s past its sell-by date. The banana in your lunch that turned brown. The leftovers in the fridge that you forgot to eat. For most people, all that food goes right into the garbage can.

Eight to ten percent of global greenhouse gas emissions (放) are related to food waste, according to a report by the U. N.’s Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. “When you throw away an egg or a sandwich,” says Yvette Cabrera, food waste vice director at the Natural Resources Defense Council ( N. R. D. C. ) ,“you’ re also throwing away all the resources that went into producing those things.”

That includes not only all the water, land, and fertilizer (化肥) that went into producing that food, but also the massive amounts of fossil fuels used to power the farms, transport the food, and create the packaging.

Then there’s the issue of what happens to food after it’s thrown out. More food ends up in U.S. landfills than any other type of trash. Food rotting in landfills produces methane (甲烷), a greenhouse gas that’s roughly 25 times more powerful at trapping heat in the atmosphere than carbon dioxide, which is produced by burning fossil fuels.

Food waste is a difficult problem to solve, though, in part because it happens for different reasons depending on the country. In developing nations,40 percent of food is lost before it ever reaches people’s homes, because many of those countries lack the technology and tools to preserve food.

It's another story in wealthier countries, where most of the food is wasted in people’s kitchens. Americans, for example, throw out a quarter of their groceries each year, on average, according to the N. R. D. C. That's like going to the grocery store, leaving with four bags of groceries, and then throwing one of them into the garbage before you get home.

1. What does the passage mainly talk about?

A．The problem of food waste.	B．The awareness of food saving.
C．The necessity of food diversity.	D．The ways of preservation.

2. What does the underlined word “That” in Paragraph 3 refer to?

A．The leftovers in the fridge.	B．The packaging for products.
C．The thrown egg or sandwich.	D．The resources to produce food.

3. What does the author intend to do in Paragraph 4?

A．Provide a persuasive example.	B．Add more background information.
C．Discuss a more serious consequence.	D．Summarize the previous paragraphs.

4. In what stage does food waste mainly happen in developed countries?

A．Storage.	B．Transportation.
C．Processing.	D．Consumption.

9 . 阅读下面材料，根据其内容和所给段落开头语续写两段，使之构成一篇完整的短文。

Even before I reached the tent, I knew there would be trouble. My little brother Andy was following me, with a sleeping bag, a flashlight, and his stuffed bear. My friends Wade and Bred think Andy would ruin everything. He would get scared in the middle of the night and have to be taken back to the house. They complained so much you'd think they were hospital patients instead of kids I'd invited for an outdoor sleepover.

Andy promised that he wouldn't ruin anything. He wormed his way into the tent and settled in the far corner. Night was settling in, too, with the woods around us fading toward black. The house, with its porch light, seemed a long way from us.

“Time for ghost stories!” Brad announced as soon as I'd closed the tent. He told a   story about vampires （吸血鬼）, but it only made us fall over laughing. When it was Wade's turn, he told a story of three guys who were camping in a tent. He described our situation exactly-except for Andy. When he was describing a terrifying creature, somewhere outside, a branch snapped （发出咔嚓声）。The hairs on my arms shot straight up. “These guys were crawling into their sleeping bags, right?” Wade continued. “When out of the darkness rang this terrible cry.” And out of the woods behind us there was a cry! High-pitched, frightening, and strange. The hairs on my head shot straight up!

“What was that?” Bred asked as the cry came again. We all looked at each other in horror, speechless. Wade suggested someone should go out to check, but no one dared. “What if it's something trapped or hurt?” Andy said anxiously. We focused our flashlights on Andy, whom we'd forgotten, sitting in the corner with his arms around his bear. Andy would adopt every lost or hurt animal in the world if Mom would let him.

注意：
1.续写的词数应为150左右；
2.请按如下格式在答题卡的相应位置作答

“I'm going to see.” Andy ran out of the tent and disappeared in the darkness.

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Andy said it was a baby monkey caught between branches, and it was crying for its mama.

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10 . Early fifth-century philosopher St．Augustine famously wrote that he knew what time was unless someone asked him．Albert Einstein added another wrinkle when he theorized that time varies depending on where you measure it．Today's state-of-the-art atomic（原子的） clocks have proven Einstein right．Even advanced physics can't decisively tell us what time is, because the answer depends on the question you're asking．

Forget about time as an absolute．What if，instead of considering time in terms of astronomy,we related time to ecology？What if we allowed environmental conditions to set the tempo（节奏） of human life？We're increasingly aware of the fact that we can't control Earth systems with engineering alone，and realizing that we need to moderate（调节）our actions if we hope to live in balance．What if our definition of time reflected that？

Recently，I conceptualized a new approach to timekeeping that's connected to circumstances on our planet，conditions that might change as a result of global warming．We're now building a clock at the Anchorage Museum that reflects the total flow of several major Alaskan rivers，which are sensitive to local and global environmental changes．We've programmed it to match an atomic clock if the waterways continue to flow at their present rate．If the rivers run faster in the future on average，the clock will get ahead of standard time．If they run slower，you'll see the opposite effect．

The clock registers both short-term irregularities and long-term trends in river dynamics．It's a sort of observatory that reveals how the rivers are behaving from their own temporal frame（时间框架），and allows us to witness those changes on our smartwatches or phones．Anyone who opts to go on Alaska Mean River Time will live in harmony with the planet．Anyone who considers river time in relation to atomic time will encounter a major imbalance and may be motivated to counteract it by consuming less fuel or supporting greener policies．

Even if this method of timekeeping is novel in its particulars，early agricultural societies also connected time to natural phenomena．In pre-Classical Greece，for instance，people“corrected”official calendars by shifting dates forward or backward to reflect the change of season．Temporal connection to the environment was vital to their survival．Likewise，river time and other timekeeping systems we're developing may encourage environmental awareness．

When St．Augustine admitted his inability to define time， he highlighted one of time 's most noticeable qualities：Time becomes meaningful only in a defined context．Any timekeeping system is valid，and each is as praiseworthy as its purpose．

1. What is the main idea of Paragraph 1？

A．Timekeeping is increasingly related to nature．

B．Everyone can define time on their own terms．

C．The qualities of time vary with how you measure it．

D．Time is a major concern of philosophers and scientists．

2. The author raises three questions in Paragraph 2 mainly to________．

A．present an assumption	B．evaluate an argument
C．highlight an experiment	D．introduce an approach

3. What can we learn from this passage？

A．Those who do not go on river time will live an imbalanced life．

B．New ways of measuring time can help to control Earth systems．

C．Atomic time will get ahead of river time if the rivers run slower．

D．Modern technology may help to shape the rivers’ temporal frame．

4. What can we infer from this passage？

A．It is crucial to improve the definition of time．

B．A fixed frame will make time meaningless．

C．We should live in harmony with nature．

D．History is a mirror reflecting reality．