1 . I first saw a crayfish (小龙虾) around 2001. A friend brought one into the office and told me it was a female animal that was reproducing (繁殖) on its own. We realized the new type of animal was reproducing itself by the millions.
We think that in the 1990s, two crayfish got children either in a pet store or in the wild. Something went wrong and one of the daughters laid eggs without any males. It’s not unusual for such a sudden change like this to happen, but normally, the children can’t live on or reproduce, and the new type won’t spread. For some reason, this daughter and her children did.
In some way, many of the new crayfish appeared in German pet stores. They would naturally increase, and their owners would often set the children free, which let the animals reproduce and spread farther. In 2003, scientists officially proved that animals like crayfish were, in fact, reproducing themselves. They’ve gone from that single female 25 years ago to millions, or maybe billions, of the same crayfish found throughout Europe and Madagascar.
In 2018, we published a map of the clones’ genetic code (克隆类遗传密码图). This type is becoming a really useful tool for researchers like me: We can use crayfish-like animals to study everything from cancer development to the effects of drugs on the brain. Now that we know this code, we can start to try it in the lab. For example, we might try to make these animals grow to larger sizes so people can sell them for food. This is already happening in Madagascar. It turns out that crayfish are pretty tasty. It’s easy to get lots of them too because they grow up in about three months and lay hundreds of eggs. Just put one in a pool and wait.
1. What do people think happened to crayfish in the 1990s?| A．Crayfish’s children could not live on or reproduce . |
| B．Crayfish got their lives in a scientific way in the lab. |
| C．A daughter crayfish got a strange ability to reproduce. |
| D．All animals like crayfish could reproduce themselves. |
| A．The reason why crayfish became pets. | B．The place where crayfish came from. |
| C．The different ways to raise crayfish. | D．The fact of crayfish’s self-reproduction. |
① diet ② medicine ③ brain ④ ocean
| A．①② | B．③④ | C．①③ | D．②④ |
| A．a cookbook | B．a science magazine | C．an advertisement | D．a guide brochure |
2 . 1.Part of northern California had become an inferno(火海) in the latest big fire. A nearby town, Paradise, was reduced to ash. Nearly 50 people are confirmed dead and over 200 missing. Six of the ten most destructive fires in California's history have occurred in the past decade. Last year was the most destructive year on record, until this year. Why is the Golden State so flammable?
2.There are three reasons why California has been surrounded by flames. First, the climate is becoming warmer. This has led to snow melting earlier, drier landscapes and a longer season when fires are likely to occur.
3.A second reason is that more people live in flammable places. Since the 1990s 60% of new homes in California, Washington and Oregon have been built in spaces next to nature. These areas, which environmentalists call the "wildland-urban interface", are at higher risk of wildfire.
4.A third reason is that there is more fuel. Before western settlers arrived, fires used to happen often and naturally, which made less fuel available for future fires. For the past century fires have been controlled well. This has led to a build-up of dry brush, and makes the average wildfire much likelier to turn into a big one.
5.Putting out the flame is the most immediate task for California, but not the last. Many survivors will want to rebuild their homes exactly where they were. Californians will also want to ensure that utility companies(公用事业公司) are acting and investing responsibly. Investigations into what caused the fire are still going on, but some reports suggest it may have begun with sparks (火花) from lines owned by an electricity company.
1. What may directly cause the big fire in California?| A．The warm climate. | B．Living too close to nature. |
| C．Too much fuel. | D．Sparks from electric wire |
| A．The fires in California are all very destructive. |
| B．The latest big fire in California is very destructive. |
| C．California suffered from destructive fires most last year. |
| D．There have been six destructive fires in California in the past 10 years. |
| A．The reasons why California suffered a destructive fire recently. |
| B．The reasons why California suffered destructive fires frequently. |
| C．The facts that California is a place easily suffered destructive fires. |
| D．The opinions that California is a place easily suffered destructive fires. |
| A．1//2-3// 4-5 | B．1-2// 3-5 |
| C．1//2-4// 5 | D．1// 2-5 |
3 . Overcoming extreme cold, cruel ice and people dismissing him as mad, Slovenian Davo Kamicar became the first person to ski non-stop down Mount Everest.
After a dramatic fall over almost sheer cliffs of snow, stones and ice, 38-year-old Kamicar emerged in his base camp after five hours of skiing. “I feel only absolute happiness and absolute tiredness,” he said.
At one stage he had to speed over stretches of ice that collapsed and broke underneath him and could have sent him falling into the deep crevasses (裂缝) that dot the mountain.
The descent (下落) had been seen by many as insanely dangerous. The Darwin Awards website, which documents deaths which are foolhardy, urged people to log on to Internet broadcasts of the attempt. “Keep your eyes peeled for a live Darwin Award,” it said.
However, the only body to make the news was the corpse (尸体) of an unknown mountaineer which Kamicar zipped past as he descended, one of an estimated 120 corpses, thought to litter the slopes.
“This mountain is always full of surprises. Seeing a dead man out there was a really shocking experience,” he said.
Thanks to strategically placed cameras on the mountain and one attached to his safety helmet, hundreds of thousands of people witnessed his descent on the Internet, which was one of the record highs ever. During the run more than 650,000 hits were registered on his expedition website jamming it for a time as others tried to access the site.
Weather conditions were so severe that Kamicar had to abandon plans to rest on the summit before attempting to descend. Instead, suffering from fatigue, as soon as he reached the top he put on his skis and flung himself back down the mountain.
Dealing with the mountain had already cost Kamicar two fingers when a previous failed attempt saw him get frostbite as a fierce storm lashed the peak.
Kamicar comes from a skiing family and took part in his first Himalayan skiing expedition in 1989. Since then, he has been tireless in raising funds and sponsorship for more expeditions, with Everest as the permanent goal.
1. Davo Kamicar made history by ________.| A．skiing down Mount Everest without rest |
| B．descending Mount Everest within the shortest time ever |
| C．attracting largest number of audience online for his descent |
| D．becoming the first to film his descent down Mount Everest |
| A．sudden and hard to accept | B．taking unnecessary risks |
| C．attracting public attention | D．working hard to fool others |
| A．Kamicar saw about 120 dead bodies littering the slope. |
| B．The broadcast of his descent online was cancelled because of the website jam. |
| C．Kamicar’s family had a tradition to conquer Mount Everest. |
| D．This was not Kamicar’s first attempt on Mount Everest. |
| A．Mad man skis down Everest | B．Darwin Award for Davo Kamicar |
| C．Extreme sports hero slides to a record | D．Body of mountaineer found on Everest |
4 . In the wild, lions tend to pick on the animals that are weak, old, sick or hurt. Even with the strength of their numbers they will go after the easy prey (捕猎).
The lions picked their prey of choice for this poor Gazelle. The Gazelle, surrounded by lions, looks as if she were crying when the camera closed up on her face.
The lions were faster than the Gazelle, and my goodness they were smart. When the lions got close enough to the Gazelle, even while running at speed, they would trip the running animal.
This Gazelle was moving. When pressure came from a different angle she changed directions. When she could feel the breath of the lions on her neck she changed direction. When they tried to trip her, stop her, trick her, block her, she changed direction. She ran until they stopped chasing after her. It was pointless to the lions. This Gazelle had purpose. She was running for her life.
I do not care what, who, when, where, or how often life tries to take you down a path you have not intended to go. If you feel the pressure and things are not going the way they should, change direction.
[写作内容]
1. 用约30个单词写出上文概要；
2. 用约120个单词发表你的观点，内容包括：
(1)结合文章信息，简要分析适时改变方向的必要性；
(2)结合实际，谈谈你的理解和得到的启示。
[写作要求]
1. 发表观点时必须提供理由或论据；
2. 阐述观点或提供论据或叙述经历时，不能直接引用原文语句；
3. 作文中不能出现真实的姓名和学习名称；
4. 不必写标题。
[评分标准]
内容完整，语言规范，语篇连贯，词数适当。
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Unable to find work anywhere else, Henson took a job in a hat shop in Washington, D.C. One day in 1887, a man came in to buy a hat. The man, Robert Peary, asked the owner if he knew anyone with experience at sea. Peary would soon travel to South America for the U.S. government. He needed experienced men to accompany him. The shop owner knew about his young employee’s skills and experience on ocean journeys, so he introduced Peary to Henson.
Using his map-reading and sailing skills, Henson proved himself to be a worthy and smart seaman. Peary soon made Henson his assistant (助理), and they became close friends. One day Peary told Henson about his real dream: to be the first man to stand on “the top of the world” at the North Pole. He asked Henson to help him make his dream come true. Over the next five years, the two explorers made two trips together to the Arctic. However, they were not able to reach the pole either time. The cold, wind, and ice were worse than either of them had ever imagined.
In 1908, Peary and Henson were ready to make their final attempt at reaching the North Pole. Both men were over forty years old. The years of hardship in the arctic cold had made them suffer a lot. This would be their last chance. With four Inuit (因纽特) guides, they made a mad rush straight across the ice toward the pole. Peary’s feet were injured and he had to be pulled on a dogsled. In April 1909, Henson’s instruments showed they were standing at the North Pole. Together Henson and Peary planted the American flag in the snow.
In later years, Robert Peary and Henson were greatly honored for their achievements. Today, the two friends and fellow explorers lie in heroes’ graves not far apart in the Arlington National Cemetery.
1. In paragraph1, the author shows how Henson became ________.
| A．a wonderful seaman |
| B．an educated captain |
| C．a good shop assistant |
| D．a successful learner |
| A．why Matthew Henson went to the hat shop |
| B．how Matthew Henson met Robert Peary |
| C．why Matthew Henson stopped working on the Katie Hinds |
| D．how Robert Peary knew Matthew Henson had sea experience |
| A．Henson proved himself a better seaman than Peary |
| B．Peary wanted Henson to help him realize his dream |
| C．Before their final attempt, they made two trips together |
| D．After they died, they were highly respected by people |
| A．treasure hunters looking for fortunes |
| B．sailors seeking power over others |
| C．soldiers fighting for their freedom |
| D．fighters exploring an unknown land |
6 . Most people agree that honesty is a good thing. But does Mother Nature agree? Animals can’t talk, but can they lie in other ways? Can they lie with their bodies and behavior? Animal experts may not call it lying, but they do agree that many animals, from birds to chimpanzees, behave dishonestly to fool other animals. Why? Dishonesty often helps them survive.
Many kinds of birds are very successful at fooling other animals. For example, a bird called the plover sometimes pretends to be hurt in order to protect its young. When a predator(猎食动物) gets close to its nest, the plover leads the predator away from the nest. How? It pretends to have a broken wing. The predator follows the “hurt” adult, leaving the baby birds safe in the nest.
Another kind of bird, the scrub jay, buries its food so it always has something to eat. Scrub jays are also thieves. They watch where others bury their food and steal it. But clever scrub jays seem to know when a thief is watching them. So they go back later, unbury the food, and bury it again somewhere else.
Birds called cuckoos have found a way to have babies without doing much work. How? They don’t make nests. Instead, they get into other birds’ nests secretly. Then they lay their eggs and fly away. When the baby birds come out, their adoptive parents feed them.
Chimpanzees, or chimps, can also be sneaky. After a fight, the losing chimp will give its hand to the other. When the winning chimp puts out its hand, too, the chimps are friendly again. But an animal expert once saw a losing chimp take the winner’s hand and start fighting again.
Chimps are sneaky in other ways, too. When chimps find food that they love, such as bananas, it is natural for them to cry out. Then other chimps come running. But some clever chimps learn to cry very softly when they find food. That way, other chimps don’t hear them, and they don’t need to share their food.
As children, many of us learn the saying “You can’t fool Mother Nature.” But maybe you can’t trust her, either.
1. A plover protects its young from a predator by ________.| A．getting closer to its young | B．driving away the adult predator |
| C．leaving its young in another nest | D．pretending to be injured |
| A．chimps are ready to attack others |
| B．chimps are sometimes dishonest |
| C．chimps are jealous of the winners |
| D．chimps can be selfish too |
| A．Some chimps lower their cry to keep food away from others. |
| B．The losing chimp won the fight by taking the winner's hand. |
| C．Cuckoos fool their adoptive parents by making no nests. |
| D．Some clever scrub jays often steal their food back. |
| A．Do animals lie? |
| B．Does Mother Nature fool animals? |
| C．How do animals learn to lie? |
| D．How does honesty help animals survive? |
