1 . California has lost half its big trees since the 1930s, according to a study to be published Tuesday and climate change seems to be a major factor（因素）.

The number of trees larger than two feet across has declined by 50 percent on more than 46, 000 square miles of California forests, the new study finds. No area was spared or unaffected, from the foggy northern coast to the Sierra Nevada Mountains to the San Gabriels above Los Angeles. In the Sierra high country, the number of big trees has fallen by more than 55 percent; in parts of southern California the decline was nearly 75 percent.

Many factors contributed to the decline, said Patrick Mclntyre, an ecologist who was the lead author of the study. Woodcutters targeted big trees. Housing development pushed into the woods. Aggressive wildfire control has left California forests crowded with small trees that compete with big trees for resources（资源）.

But in comparing a study of California forests done in the 1920s and 1930s with another one between 2001 and 2010, Mclntyre and his colleagues documented a widespread death of big trees that was evident even in wildlands protected from woodcutting or development.

The loss of big trees was greatest in areas where trees had suffered the greatest water shortage. The researchers figured out water stress with a computer model that calculated how much water trees were getting in comparison with how much they needed, taking into account such things as rainfall, air temperature, dampness of soil, and the timing of snowmelt（融雪）.

Since the 1930s, Mclntyre said, the biggest factors driving up water stress in the state have been rising temperatures, which cause trees to lose more water to the air, and earlier snowmelt, which reduces the water supply available to trees during the dry season.

1. What is the second paragraph mainly about?

A．The seriousness of big-tree loss in California.

B．The increasing variety of California big trees.

C．The distribution of big trees in California forests.

D．The influence of farming on big trees in California.

2. Which of the following is well-intentioned（出于好心的） but may be bad for big trees?

A．Ecological studies of forests.	B．Banning woodcutting.
C．Limiting housing development.	D．Fire control measures.

3. What is a major cause of the water shortage according to Mclntyre?

A．Not enough snowmelt.	B．A longer dry season.
C．A warmer climate.	D．Dampness of the air.

2 . Let's take a minute to think about the water we use. The human body is 60% water and we need to drink lots of water to be healthy. When we are thirsty we just go to the kitchen and fill a glass with clean water.

    1    For example, farmers, who produce the food we eat, use water to make the plants grow. When we turn on a light or switch on a TV or a computer we use energy and we need water to produce this energy.

The truth is that we are lucky enough to have clean water whenever we want，but this is not the case for many people around the world.    2    That's around one in 10 people in the world. If we drink dirty water，we can catch diseases from the bacteria and become ill. Every year over 500，000 children die from diarrhea(腹泻)from dirty water. That's around 1，400 children every day！Also，in some countries children walk many kilometres every day to get water.    3    Therefore，they don't have time to learn how to read or write and don't get an education.

    4    On this day every year，countries around the world hold events to educate people about the problems of dirty water and that clean water is something that everyone should have around the world. At one school in the UK，children between the ages of 10 and 15 walk 6km with six litres of water.    5    People give them money to do this and all the money helps get clean water to as many people as possible around the world.

A．We use water indirectly too.

B．Every system in our body depends on water to function.

C．It is to inspire people to learn more about water-related problems

D．If children walk many hours a day to get water，they can't go to school.

E．Did you know that around 750 million people do not have clean water to drink？

F．In 1993 the United Nations decided that March 22nd is the World Day for Water.

G．In this way，they know how it feels to walk a long distance carrying heavy bottles.

3 . 阅读下面材料，在空白处填入适当的内容或括号内单词的正确形式（不多于3个单词）。

Celebrities（名人）like Olivia Munn, as well as fashion companies like Cucci and Versace , are among those who have been opposed     1     wearing animal fur. Now, San Francisco has become the    2    (large) city in the USA to ban retailers from selling new fur to their customers.

The ban aims to send     3       strong message to the fur industry     4     the cruelty these animals endure for the purpose of     5     (become) clothing is not consistent with the value of the city.

As we all know, West Hollywood became the first American city     6    （forbid ）the sale of new fur items in 2011, and Berkeley passed a ban on the sale of fur clothing in 2017. Additionally, in 2000, the UK led the charge(打头阵 ),     7     (follow) by Australia in 2004. More recently, the Netherlands, the European Union’s main producer of fur , banned fur farming in 2012 and plans to end mink(貂) farming by 2024. In 2018, Norway banned fur farms and     8    (end) fox and mink farming by 2025.

Hopefully, only when efforts like these are made to encourage     9     (consume) to stop buying real animal fur     10     the lives of animals be further protected all over the world.

4 . There was once a lonely girl who longed so much for love. One day while she was walking in the woods she found two starving birds.     1      She cared them with love and the birds grew strong. Every morning they greeted her with a wonderful song. The girl felt the great love from the birds.

    2    . The larger and the stronger of the two birds flew from the cage. The girl was so frightened that he would fly away. As he flew close, she grasped him wildly. Her heart felt glad at her success in capturing him.     3     . She opened her hand and stared in horror at the dead bird. Her desperate love had killed him.

She noticed the other bird moving back and forth on the edge of the cage. She could feel his great need for freedom. He needed to fly into the clear, blue sky.     4    . The bird circled once, twice, three times.

The girl watched delightedly at the bird’s enjoyment.     5     . She wanted the bird to be happy. Suddenly the bird flew closer and landed softly on her shoulder. It sang the sweetest songs that she had ever heard.

The fastest way to lose love is to hold on it too tight, while the best way to keep love is to give it wings!

A．Her heart was no longer concerned with her loss.

B．She gave them some delicious food and left.

C．One day she left with the two birds at home alone.

D．She took them home and put them in a small cage.

E．She lifted him from the cage and threw him softly into the air.

F．One day the girl left the door of the cage open.

G．Suddenly she felt the bird go softly.

5 . I suddenly heard an elephant crying as though frightened. Looking down, I immediately recognized that something was wrong, and ran down to the edge of the near bank. There I saw Ma Shwe with her three-month-old calf (幼崽) struggling in the fast-rising water, and it was a life-and-death struggle. Her calf was floating and screaming with fear. Ma Shwe was as near to the far bank as she could get, holding her whole body against the rushing water, and keeping the calf pressed against her huge body. Every now and then the rushing water would sweep the calf away.

There was a sudden rise in the water and the calf was washed clean over the mother’s body and was gone. Ma Shwe turned quickly to reach it and pressed the calf with her head and trunk (象鼻) against the rocky bank. Then with a huge effort, she picked it up in her trunk and tried until she was able to place it on a narrow shelf of rock.

Just at this moment she fell back into the river. If she were carried down, it would be certain death. I knew, as well as she did, that there was one spot where she could get up the bank, but it was on the other side from where she had put her calf.

While I was wondering what I could do next, I heard the sound of a mother’s love. Ma Shwe had crossed the river and got up the bank and was making her way back as fast as she could, roaring (吼叫) all the time, but to her calf it was music.

1. The moment the author got down to the river bank he saw _______,

A．Ma Shwe was placing the calf on the rock

B．Ma Shwe was holding the calf against the rushing water

C．the calf was washed away by the rising water

D．the calf was about to fall into the river

2. How did Ma Shwe manage to save her calf from the fast-flowing water?

A．By putting it on a safe spot.	B．By pressing it against her body.
C．By taking it away with her.	D．By carrying it on her back.

3. How did the calf feel about the mother elephant’s roaring?

A．It was a musical note.	B．It was a sign of danger.
C．It was a call for help.	D．It was a great comfort.

4. What can be the best title for the text?

A．A Deadly River	B．A Matter of Life and Death
C．A Mother’s Love	D．A Brave Act

6 . Monkeys seem to have a way with numbers.

A team of researchers trained three Rhesus monkeys to associate 26 clearly different symbols consisting of numbers and selective letters with 0-25 drops of water or juice as a reward. The researchers then tested how the monkeys combined—or added—the symbols to get the reward.

Here’s how Harvard Medical School scientist Margaret Livingstone, who led the team, described the experiment: In their cages the monkeys were provided with touch screens. On one part of the screen, a symbol would appear, and on the other side two symbols inside a circle were shown. For example, the number 7 would flash on one side of the screen and the other end would have 9 and 8. If the monkeys touched the left side of the screen they would be rewarded with seven drops of water or juice; if they went for the circle, they would be rewarded with the sum of the numbers—17 in this example.

After running hundreds of tests, the researchers noted that the monkeys would go for the higher values more than half the time, indicating that they were performing a calculation, not just memorizing the value of each combination.

When the team examined the results of the experiment more closely, they noticed that the monkeys tended to underestimate(低估) a sum compared with a single symbol when the two were close in value—sometimes choosing, for example, a 13 over the sum of 8 and 6. The underestimation was systematic: When adding two numbers, the monkeys always paid attention to the larger of the two, and then added only a fraction(小部分) of the smaller number to it.

“This indicates that there is a certain way quantity is represented in their brains, ”Dr. Livingstone says. “But in this experiment what they’re doing is paying more attention to the big number than the little one.”

1. What did the researchers do to the monkeys before testing them?

A．They fed them.	B．They named them.
C．They trained them.	D．They measured them.

2. How did the monkeys get their reward in the experiment?

A．By drawing a circle.	B．By touching a screen.
C．By watching videos.	D．By mixing two drinks.

3. What did Livingstone’s team find about the monkeys?

A．They could perform basic addition.	B．They could understand simple words.
C．They could memorize numbers easily.	D．They could hold their attention for long.

4. In which section of a newspaper may this text appear?

A．Entertainment.

B．Health.

C．Education.

D．Science.

7 . Summers around the world are already warmer than they used to be, and they are going to get dramatically hotter by the century’s end if carbon pollution continues to rise. That problem will be felt most acutely in cities.

The world’s rapidly growing population coupled with the urban “heat island” effect, which can make cities up to 7.8℃ warmer than the countryside, adds up to a recipe for dangerous and potentially deadly heat.
Currently, about 54 percent of the world’s population lives in cities, and by 2050 the urban population is expected to have grown by 2.5 billion people. As those cities get hotter, weather patterns may shift and make extreme heat even more common. That will, in turn, threaten public health and the economy.
Under the high-pollution situation, currently mild Ottawa, Canada could have the tropical climate of Belize City by 2100. Mountainous Kabul, Afghanistan could feel like coastal Colombo, India. Already hot Cairo, Egypt could feel like its sweltering (闷热的) neighbor, Abu Dhabi.
The average land temperature is projected to rise 4.8℃, but due to the differences in geography, some cities will warm much more. Sofia, Bulgaria is predicted to have the biggest overall temperature shift, with temperatures rising nearly 8.4℃ by 2100. That would make its summers more like in Egypt.
The average summer temperature in Khartoum, Sudan is projected to skyrocket to 44.1℃ if carbon pollution continues to be unchecked. That shift emphasizes that unless carbon pollution is limited, the planet could be headed toward a state that humans have never experienced.

Dealing with less extreme heat makes adaptation easier and less expensive, and given that choice, perhaps it’s no surprise cities are leading the charge on climate change. They face the worst impacts of extreme heat and are home to billions. That’s why thousands of mayors from around the world have banded together and promised to reduce their emissions. That includes lots of U.S. cities committing to meet the Paris Agreement goals after President Trump announced he was pulling the U.S. out of the agreement.

1. What may happen by the end of the century according to the passage?

A．Carbon pollution will be worse and worse.

B．The world’s population living in cities will decline.

C．The temperature in cities will be too high to bear in summer.

D．The economy and population will be impacted severely by pollution.

2. Which city mentioned in the passage will have the greatest climate change?

A．Ottawa, Canada.	B．Sofia, Bulgaria.
C．Khartoum, Sudan.	D．Kabul, Afghanistan

3. The underlined word “skyrocket” in the sixth paragraph probably means “      ”.

A．rise rapidly.	B．change gradually
C．reverse completely	D．drop naturally

4. What can we learn from the last paragraph?

A．Dealing with the climate problems right now is hard and expensive.

B．Officials are unwilling to deal with climate change.

C．Extreme heat will have no impact on the climate in the countryside.

D．Many U.S. cities are dealing with climate problems actively.

8 . We’ve got two dogs, Roxie and Cosita. My childhood memories are full of the cats we’ve loved, from my dad’s cat, Bandit, to our beloved white cat Cecelia, whose gray fur formed a perfect heart shape across her stomach. But since our last cat friend, Sunny the orange cat, died too young, we’ve been cat-less. The sudden loss of Sunny was hard to move on from, especially for my mom.

This year, Mom finally thought she was ready for a new kitten. It was all she wanted for her birthday on June 16. “Roxie and Cosita need a new friend!” she said. In the week leading up to her birthday, something happened. She started to hear a kitten’s meow (喵叫声) in the garage. Every time she went in and out of the garage, she could hear the soft cries but couldn’t tell the exact position of the sound. She asked my dad if he heard it too. He only shrugged (耸肩). At last, Mom’s birthday was arriving. She kept her fingers crossed, hoping for a kitten.

Over the past week, my dad had heard the kitten’s meow every time he walked past my mom’s car. One day he opened the hood (车盖) of the car, and a yellow kitten stared back at him. How in the world did she get there? And where did she come from? Dad didn’t know, but he fed the kitten every day, waiting for the day he’d give her to Mom.

The little kitten was such a perfect birthday gift, and Dad even didn’t need to leave the house to find her for my mom’s happy birthday! When it came time to name our new furry friend, we took inspiration from a song famously performed by Wilson Pickett and called her “Sally”.

1. What was difficult for Mom to forget?

A．The young orange cat’s death.

B．The moving of one of her friends.

C．The sudden death of the cat Bandit.

D．The heart shape across Cecelia’s stomach.

2. What gift did Mom hope for?

A．A new car.	B．A little cat.
C．A little dog.	D．A new cassette.

3. What can we learn about Sally?

A．Dad hid her in Mom’s car.

B．Sally was bought for Mom.

C．Sally was named after a song.

D．Mom received her ahead of the birthday.

4. What would be the best title for the text?

A．A new home for Sally	B．My pet friends in memory
C．My mom’s happy birthday	D．An unexpected birthday gift

9 . There’s an event that changed my life many years ago. It is a memory that _____comes and goes, but it is one of the most________memories that my wife and I_________

Once we were driving home and decided to ______at a local gas station to get coffee and something to eat. When we got back into our car, we noticed a man       __________outside in front of the building. You could tell that he was a_________man. His clothes were__________ He must have not had enough money to get something to eat.___________what he did moved all of us.

The next thing I remember is a dog that__________the front of the building. I could tell she was a she, because you could tell that she had been__________puppies (小狗). She was terribly in need of something to eat and I felt so__________for her. I knew if she didn’t eat soon, she and her puppies would not__________it.

My wife and I sat there and looked at her. We__________that people walked by and didn’t even have a look at her. She might not have been as pretty and__________as most, but she still deserved better. Before my wife and I did anything,__________did. The homeless man, who I thought was hungry himself, went into the store. And what he did brought_________to me and my wife. He has gone into the store and with perhaps all the_________he may have had, bought a can of dog food and fed that dog.

I know that this story isn’t as__________as most stories, but it plays a great part in our lives. That was Mother’s Day weekend. And many people__________that some animals are parents too. And animals are God’s________like us.

1.

A．hurriedly

B．repeatedly

C．deeply

D．clearly

2.

A．precious

B．enjoyable

C．empty

D．painful

3.

A．forget

B．make

C．share

D．guess

4.

A．arrive

B．look

C．knock

D．stop

5.

A．standing

B．fighting

C．sleeping

D．eating

6.

A．hopeless

B．careless

C．useless

D．homeless

7.

A．new

B．beautiful

C．torn

D．colorful

8.

A．So

B．But

C．And

D．Or

9.

A．attached to

B．kept up with

C．devoted to

D．walked up to

10.

A．providing

B．feeding

C．meeting

D．leading

11.

A．sorry

B．silly

C．strong

D．lucky

12.

A．stand

B．get

C．have

D．make

13.

A．hoped

B．noticed

C．promised

D．pretended

14.

A．busy

B．dirty

C．careful

D．clean

15.

A．someone

B．none

C．anyone

D．nobody

16.

A．plans

B．puzzles

C．tears

D．choices

17.

A．check

B．food

C．money

D．flower

18.

A．amusing

B．inspiring

C．embarrassing

D．surprising

19.

A．forget

B．remember

C．recall

D．think

20.

A．visitors

B．pleasures

C．customers

D．creations

10 . If you go out to the fields at night spring or summer, you can hear singing    1    (happy)here and there. It seems as if they were performing a field concert.

The frog is a beneficial creature that does good to human beings. They can catch fast-moving insects. Each frog eats a large number of pets that are harmful to crops. This little creature is regarded     2    the natural enemy of pests.

But now the number or frogs    3    (become)smaller and smaller. This is    4    they are killed and put    5    the table as a delicious dish by their chief enemy, human beings. It is cruel, isn’t it? The cause of the rapid    6    (reduce)of frogs is that farmers use pesticide(杀虫剂)to kill pests ,and then frogs get     7    (kill)as a result of eating the poison-killed insects.

Something must be done without delay    8    (save)frogs. If we don’t punish those     9    sell and kill frogs to make money, then one day all of us     10    (punish)by nature for failing to save frogs.