1 . Brazil’s election offers hope for the rainforest
A presidential election in 2022 will offer a chance for Brazil’s government to reverse policies that have
On his watch, environmental enforcement and fines dropped to record lows. Activists say this has encouraged
A greener president would try to crack down on such crimes. Polls
But even an enlightened president will have to battle a
Better leadership in Brazil could jump-start regional efforts to boost enforcement and find sustainable
A.referred | B.contributed | C.amounted | D.related |
A.footprint | B.sink | C.source | D.emission |
A.indeed | B.instead | C.accidentally | D.otherwise |
A.stepped down | B.took office | C.claimed precedence | D.kept watch |
A.seasonal | B.selective | C.illegal | D.professional |
A.involvement | B.attachment | C.limitation | D.existence |
A.advise | B.advocate | C.suggest | D.represent |
A.sustainable | B.economic | C.rapid | D.rural |
A.claim | B.manage | C.create | D.borrow |
A.farmer-friendly | B.warm-blooded | C.pressure-free | D.profit-making |
A.realise | B.normalize | C.publicise | D.legalise |
A.sold | B.explored | C.cleared | D.occupied |
A.election | B.argument | C.appeal | D.decision |
A.main | B.varied | C.final | D.same |
A.replacements | B.transitions | C.alternatives | D.references |
2 . The UN this week launched a report urging companies to stop issuing false net-zero targets that amount to greenwashing.
Greenwashing is a term used to describe situations where companies mislead consumers by claiming to be eco-friendly or sustainable as a marketing plan rather than as a core principle of their business model. Often, these industries spend more money making themselves appear sustainable than they do taking actual sustainable measures into their company.
Cities, financial institutions, and scores of companies have announced plans to reduce their emissions to zero, which, in principle, should help the fight against climate change.
“The problem is that the criteria for these net-zero commitments have varying levels of precision and loopholes (漏洞),” said UN Secretary-General Antonio Guterres during the launch of the report.
Many net-zero plans contain far-away or unclear targets and often call for the use of unproved technologies like carbon capture and tree planting, which effectively allow companies to continue polluting the atmosphere. Studies show that most of these net-zero plans will do little to stop temperatures from rising. For example, many oil majors have announced plans to reduce emissions from their operations to zero by 2050 that do not take into account the carbon emitted by the fossil fuels they sell, which would allow them to increase production. Far from decreasing, fossil fuel production is going strong.
To close these net-zero loopholes, the UN this week released a report that includes 10 recommendations to ensure that companies, cities, regions, and other non-state actors issue credible and accountable net zero commitments. “Their plans cannot rely on cheap carbon credits instead of immediately cutting their own emissions,” Guterres said.
Financial institutions need to cut down emissions from all their investments and businesses need to bring down the carbon footprint of their supply chain, the report said. The report’s lead author, Catherine McKenna, urged companies to release new net-zero targets within a year. The updated targets must contain concrete actionable details.
1. What does “greenwashing” refer to?A.A green technology. | B.A misleading statement. |
C.A business model. | D.A spending target. |
A.To prove oil majors are really responsible. |
B.To set some good examples for other companies. |
C.To show some net- zero commitments make no sense. |
D.To indicate the benefit of net zero plans to climate change. |
A.Dissatisfied. | B.Guilty. | C.Shocked. | D.Confused. |
A.Plant more trees. | B.Share more supply chains. |
C.Depend on cheap carbon credits. | D.Make concrete actionable targets. |
3 . More than a score of Australian rare mammals have been killed by wild cats. These predators, which arrived with European settlers, still threaten native wildlife — and are too plentiful on the mainland to eliminate, as has been achieved on some small islands which were previously filled with them. But Alexandra Ross of the University of New South Wales thinks she has come up with a different way to deal with the problem. As she writes in a paper in the Journal of Applied Ecology, she is giving feline (猫科的) — awareness lessons to wild animals involved in re-introduction programs, in order to try to make them cat-conscious.
Many Australian mammals, though not actually extinct, are restricted to fragments of cat-free habitat. This will, however, put the forced migrants back in the sights of the cats that caused the problem in the first place. Training the migrants while they are in captivity, using stuffed models and the sorts of sounds made by cats, has proved expensive and ineffective. Ms Ross therefore wondered whether putting them in large natural enclosures with a scattering of predators might serve as a form of training camp to prepare them for introduction into their new, cat-ridden homes.
She tested this idea on a type of bandicoot (袋狸) that superficially resembles a rabbit. She and her colleagues raised two hundred bandicoots in a huge enclosure that also contained five wild cats. As a control, she raised a nearly identical population in a similar enclosure without the cats. She left the animals to get on with life for two years, which, given that bandicoots breed four times a year and live for around eight years, was a considerable period for them. After some predation (扑食) and probably some learning, she abstracted 21 bandicoots from each enclosure, attached radio transmitters to them and released them into a third enclosure that had ten hungry cats in it. She then monitored what happened next. The outcome was that the training worked. Over the subsequent 40 days, ten of the untrained animals were eaten by cats, but only four of the trained ones. One particular behavioral difference she noticed was that bandicoots brought up in a predator-free environment were much more likely to sleep alone than were those brought up around cats. And when cats are around, sleeping alone is dangerous. How well bandicoots that have undergone this extreme training will survive in the wild remains to be seen. But Ms Ross has at least provided reason for hope.
1. What can be learned from the first paragraph?A.The feline-awareness lessons have proved ineffective. |
B.There are too many wild cats to be killed in Australia. |
C.Different ways have been tried to hunt and kill wildlife. |
D.Native wildlife has been threatened by a growing population of wild cats. |
A.Australian mammals restricted to certain areas |
B.The wild cats tracking down the mammals |
C.Wild animals involved in the program |
D.The predators captured by the animal trainers |
A.They were both closely monitored. | B.They had 200 bandicoots in total. |
C.They had similar natural environment. | D.They both had wild cats in them. |
A.Untrained bandicoots failed to identify cats. |
B.Training bandicoots prepared them to fight cats. |
C.Sleeping alone in the wild was dangerous. |
D.Bandicoots could be trained to avoid predators. |
4 . The best ideas are often so smart, so simple and so clearly needed; it’s strange to discover they don’t already exist. So it is with Farm My School, a program that’s turning underused land at secondary schools into commercially achievable, regenerative market gardens farmed by and for local communities.
Co-founded by permaculturist Ben Shaw and regenerative educator James McLennan, Farm My School connects local people and organizations through volunteering that helps establish a school’s market garden. Students learn about community networks, healthy eating, ecological responsibility, waste reduction and climate relief while helping with food production. Schools integrate all these into their courses while producing vegetable boxes every week that feed local families, supply the school’s food needs and ultimately pay the farmer’s salary.
Farm My School has gained the extraordinary enthusiasm of the locals, who answered an online shout-out to buy tickets to the program’s launch event at Bell Secondary School last October. Called Build A Farm in a Day Festival, the event featured workshops by Ben and James to share the skills required to build what they say is the world’s largest no-dig garden. “It was such a powerful event, and I think that comes down to people wanting to act now,” says James. “We charged for the experience and 600 guys turned up! They didn’t even need free drinks to get excited. We were gardening till midnight. It was amazing. We’ve got true community buy-in.”
Volunteers have since begun beneficial planting throughout the school. Next steps include further discussions with local communities, employing a farmer, and bringing in a teacher to develop courses. “We’ve seen this huge push towards seeing schools as regenerative spaces, not just for planting but for kids to be more connected to the outside world, and really seeing the school in a whole new light,” James says. “For us, the big excitement is that by allowing a professional farmer to take the responsibility of growing food, it’s not only on the school to look after that farm anymore, which eventually makes it much more sustainable,” adds Ben.
1. Why was Farm My School founded?A.To raise the income of the local people. |
B.To advocate a commercial farming plan. |
C.To provide free food for local communities. |
D.To turn underused campus land into market gardens. |
A.By developing program-based courses. |
B.By organizing voluntary work in communities. |
C.By offering them part-time jobs in the market gardens. |
D.By encouraging them to produce daily vegetable boxes. |
A.Competition. |
B.Investment. |
C.Support. |
D.Protection. |
A.It brings in money to support the school. |
B.The school farm will be able to last long. |
C.The local people will take care of the farm. |
D.Students connect more with the outside world. |
5 . AI-based Conservation Efforts
When an endangered seabird hits a power line, it makes a sound “very much like the laser sound from Star Wars,” says conservation (野生动物保护) biologist Marc Travers. He should
His team recorded 600 hours of audio and sent the recordings to Conservation Metrics, a company that assists conservation efforts with AI resources. Conservation Metrics used a program to “listen” to the recordings and
In large national parks and wildlife reserves, poachers (偷猎者) are a danger for animals both big and small. Some animals are worth a lot of money on the black market. Park guards are left with an impossible task because there is too much land to
We still face many challenges to
A.assume | B.know | C.hope | D.lead |
A.frequently | B.directly | C.violently | D.rarely |
A.imitate | B.locate | C.count | D.present |
A.puzzling | B.demanding | C.disturbing | D.uplifting |
A.justice | B.proof | C.image | D.wisdom |
A.In theory | B.By definition | C.On the contrary | D.By many measures |
A.monitored | B.enclosed | C.requested | D.overlooked |
A.decline | B.expansion | C.climb | D.quality |
A.supply | B.renew | C.lack | D.invent |
A.Obviously | B.Fortunately | C.Interestingly | D.Initially |
A.give away | B.sort through | C.get over | D.make up |
A.exclusive | B.delicate | C.effective | D.special |
A.convey | B.mark | C.cover | D.hide |
A.emergence | B.movement | C.evolution | D.existence |
A.recover | B.reverse | C.remove | D.reveal |
6 . Directions: After reading the passage below, fill in the blanks to make the passage coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank.
The Mystery is No Mystery
The area of ocean between Florida, Puerto Rico, and Bermuda, known as the Bermuda Triangle, is the source of much mystery. Over the centuries, reports of ships and planes disappearing
The Bermuda Triangle covers a vast 700,000 square-kilometer swathe of ocean. Close to the equator(赤道)and near the United States, it is a particularly busy patch of sea with heavy traffic. According to Lloyd’s of London and the U. S. Coast Guard,
These days, new theories are being put forward, with a bit of scientific truth to them. Some have attributed Bermuda Triangle disappearances to explosive releases of methane (甲烷) gas,
The only problem with this theory is that scientists won’t be able to tell with much certainty if this is a factor
7 . Homing pigeons combine precise internal compasses and memorized landmarks to re-trace a path back to their lofts — even four years after the previous time they made the trip, a new study shows.
Testing nonhuman memory retention (保持) is challenging; in research studies, “it’s rare that there is a gap of several years between when an animal stores the information and when it is next required to retrieve it,” says University of Oxford zoologist Dora Biro. For a recent study in the Proceedings of the Royal Society B, Biro and her colleagues compared domestic homing pigeons’ paths three or four years after the birds established routes back to their loft from a farm 8.6 kilometers away. The study built on data from a 2016 experiment in which pigeons learned routes in different social contexts during several flights — on their own or with peers that did or did not know the way.
Using data from GPS devices temporarily attached to the birds’ backs, the researchers compared the flight paths a pack of pigeons took in 2019 or 2020, without the birds visiting the release site in between. Some birds missed a handful of landmarks along the way, but many others took “strikingly similar” routes to those they used in 2016, says Oxford zoologist and study co-author Julien Collet: “It was...as if the last time they flew there was just the day before, not four years ago.”
The team found that the pigeons remembered a route just as well if they first flew it alone or with others and fared much better than those that had not made the journey in 2016.
The result is not surprising, says Verner Bing-man, who studies animal navigation at Bowling Green State University and was not involved with the study. But it provides new confirmation of homing pigeons’ remarkable memory, he says: “It closes the distance a little bit between our self-centered sense of human intellectual abilities and what animals can do.”
1. The underlined word “retrieve” is closest in meaning to ________.A.reserve | B.return | C.recover | D.record |
A.Pigeons remember specific routes home after years away. |
B.Pigeons remember routes better when flying with others. |
C.Pigeons can find their way back though taking different routes. |
D.Pigeons can retrace the path home through an attached GPS device. |
A.Oxford zoologist Julien Collet designed the experiment procedure. |
B.GPS devices were attached permanently to collect data about flight routes. |
C.The experiment was designed to eliminate pigeons that missed key landmarks. |
D.Pigeons were made to fly from the release site to their lofts several times. |
A.Humans need to adopt a more rigid approach to pigeons’ memory. |
B.Humans are blinded by superiority when it comes to animal intelligence. |
C.Riddles about animals are too complex to be solved in the foreseeable future. |
D.There have been mixed responses to the findings about pigeons’ memory. |
8 . Ecotourism is a combination of ecology (the study of systems of living things) and tourism. It is defined as “responsible travel to natural areas that preserves the environment and improves the welfare of the local people” by the International Ecotourism Society. Actually, ecotourism can mean travel to far-off places of great natural beauty, but not always in a(n)
Costa Rica, once a Spanish colony, and independent since 1821, has an ecotourism industry worth over one billion dollars yearly, and thousands of jobs have been
While tourists can have a negative impact on ecosystems, the same areas might have been
Unfortunately, while their effect may not be
It is easy to be critical of the ecotourism industry, but it is important to be
A.attractive | B.natural | C.different | D.responsible |
A.alone | B.accountable | C.open | D.out |
A.lost | B.created | C.abandoned | D.shifted |
A.mainly | B.comparatively | C.unfortunately | D.barely |
A.fertilized | B.destroyed | C.reserved | D.stimulated |
A.liberty | B.hardness | C.welfare | D.value |
A.uncertain | B.noticeable | C.rigid | D.special |
A.appreciating | B.discovering | C.sheltering | D.pressuring |
A.positive | B.creative | C.effective | D.sensitive |
A.feasible | B.reasonable | C.unrealistic | D.inevitable |
9 . Biodiversity is a concept that's commonly referenced, yet regularly misunderstood. The complex
“If biodiversity disappears, so do people,” says Dr. Stephen Woodley, field ecologist and bio-diversity expert with the International Union for Conservation of Nature. “We are part of the
Preventing such a catastrophe, says Woodley, begins with understanding why biodiversity is declining, and then taking action to
“The two greatest
That's the mission of the global Campaign for Nature, a partnership of the Wyss Foundation and the National Geographic Society. Instead of simply protecting 30 percent of the Earth, the
The campaign also recognizes the importance of
“Biodiversity is stability,” says Sala. “Trees, wetlands, grasslands, peat bogs(泥炭沼泽), salt marshes(盐沼), healthy ocean ecosystems, mangroves(红树林), and plants
A.argument | B.term | C.structure | D.problem |
A.altering | B.developing | C.stabilizing | D.worsening |
A.ecosystem | B.threat | C.cycle | D.procedure |
A.affect | B.change | C.reverse | D.continue |
A.aspects | B.causes | C.consequences | D.occasions |
A.acquiring | B.protecting | C.exploiting | D.possessing |
A.management | B.announcement | C.campaign | D.competition |
A.consume | B.destroy | C.lose | D.contain |
A.denying | B.enjoying | C.ignoring | D.respecting |
A.essential | B.simple | C.temporary | D.profitable |
A.Besides | B.However | C.Thus | D.Otherwise |
A.witness | B.detect | C.confirm | D.avoid |
A.measure | B.absorb | C.survive | D.prevent |
A.mission | B.decision | C.option | D.exploration |
A.worried about | B.confident in | C.responsible for | D.good at |
The First Space Cat
In a few weeks, space scientists will celebrate a remarkable event — the 60th anniversary of the launch of the first cat into space, an astronautical success that has never been repeated.
In the early 60s, dogs and monkeys were the animals usually used by scientists to find out exactly
A total of 14 street cats
Then,
“In the 60s,