1 . Everybody loves to hate invasive species. The international list of invasive species—defined as those that were introduced by humans to new places, and then _________ — runs to over 4,000. In Australia and New Zealand hot war is fought against introduced creatures like cane toads (蔗蟾蜍) and rats.

Some things that are uncontroversial (无争议的) are nonetheless foolish. With a few important exceptions, campaigns to   _________ invasive species are merely a waste of money and effort — for reasons that are partly practical and partly philosophical.

Start with the practical arguments. Most invasive species are neither terribly successful nor very _________ . Britons think themselves surrounded by foreign plants. _________ , Britain’s invasive plants are not widespread, not spreading especially quickly, and often less of a(n) _________ than vigorous native plants. The arrival of new species almost always _________ biological diversity (多样性) in a region; in many cases, a flood of newcomers drives no native species to extinction. One reason is that invaders tend to colonise _________ habitats like polluted lakes and post-industrial wasteland, where little else lives. They are nature’s opportunists.

The philosophical reason for starting war on the invaders is also _________. Elimination campaigns tend to be   _________ by the belief that it is possible to restore balance to nature — to return woods and lakes to the state before human   ____________ . That is misguided. Nature is an everlasting mess, with species constantly emerging, withdrawing and hybridizing (杂交). Humans have only quickened these processes. Going back to ancient habitats is becoming ____________ in any case, because of man-made climate change. Taking on the invaders is a(n) ____________ gesture, not a means to an achievable end.

A reasonable attitude to invaders need not imply passivity. A few foreign species are truly ____________ and should be fought: the Nile perch – a fish, has helped drive many species of fish to extinction in Lake Victoria. It makes sense to ____________ pathogens (病菌), especially those that destroy whole native tree species, and to stop known agricultural pests from gaining a foothold. Fencing off wildlife reserves to create open-air ecological museums is fine, too. And it is a good idea for European gardeners to destroy Japanese plants, just as they give no space to native harmful grasses like bindweed and ground elder. You can garden in a garden. You cannot garden ____________ . That is universally accepted.

1.

A．multiplied

B．shrunk

C．disappeared

D．harvested

2.

A．conserve

B．eliminate

C．investigate

D．prioritize

3.

A．healthy

B．intentional

C．harmful

D．profitable

4.

A．As a result

B．For example

C．By contrast

D．In fact

5.

A．attraction

B．dominance

C．annoyance

D．substitute

6.

A．increases

B．destroys

C．reveals

D．targets

7.

A．oppressed

B．disturbed

C．cultivated

D．preserved

8.

A．acceptable

B．needless

C．mistaken

D．convincing

9.

A．fueled

B．organized

C．interrupted

D．greeted

10.

A．civilization

B．interference

C．interaction

D．maintenance

11.

A．tolerable

B．impossible

C．beneficial

D．critical

12.

A．reluctant

B．disorderly

C．invalid

D．unbalanced

13.

A．damaging

B．flexible

C．doubtful

D．outstanding

14.

A．pick up

B．take in

C．keep out

D．turn down

15.

A．agriculture

B．vegetation

C．atmosphere

D．nature

2 . In February 1970, a group of activists gathered in Vancouver, Canada to discuss a planned nuclear test on the Alaskan island of Amchitka. They eventually agreed to sail to the test site and _________ against the explosion in person. At the end of the meeting, the chairman raised two fingers to the room and shouted “Peace!”. After a brief pause, one young attendee _________ with a monumental line: “Let’s make that a green peace”. The group were so _________ the phrase that they named their first boat the Green Peace.

Over the last 50 years, the _________ movement has become so closely associated with the colour green that it’s almost impossible to see a green poster, label or recycling bag without thinking about our planet’s future. But though that connection is the product of a very recent crisis, its _________ go back some way. We have _________ green with nature and its processes for thousands of years. Indeed, the very word “green” comes from the ancient Proto-Indo-European word ghre, meaning “grow”.

The human species, which emerged in the green forests and grasslands of Africa about 300, 000 years ago, has a special _________ link with green. Our eyes might even have _________ specifically to see the green in plants. Unlike most animals, who are red-green colour blind, we humans developed a third cone cell, an additional photoreceptor enabling our _________ to spot ripe red and yellow fruits against a backdrop of green leaf, and to distinguish different green leaves from each other. In daylight conditions, human eyes are more ____________ to green than any other colour.

With the rise of farming, we started to use green as a(n) ____________ for nature and its processes. Archaeologists have recently found an extraordinary store of green jewels in the Levant, ____________ some 10, 000 years. The researchers believe that these objects, many of which had come from hundreds of miles away at great cost, were chosen because they ____________ young leaves and might have been used by early farmers to pray for rainfall or fertilise crops.

The ancient Egyptians, who were farming the banks of the Nile from about 8000 B.C., ____________ use green as identification for their crops. Egyptian painters often represented their god of ____________, Osiris — who was responsible for flooding the Nile’s banks, filling the soil with nutrients and pushing the first green shoots up through the fields — as a bright green being.

1.

A．bump

B．protest

C．compete

D．insure

2.

A．objected

B．announced

C．responded

D．highlighted

3.

A．curious about

B．familiar with

C．shocked at

D．fascinated by

4.

A．environmental

B．revolutionary

C．multicultural

D．deliberate

5.

A．results

B．origins

C．extremes

D．streams

6.

A．identified

B．recognized

C．combined

D．illustrated

7.

A．physical

B．artificial

C．biological

D．physiological

8.

A．engaged

B．evolved

C．dominated

D．exchanged

9.

A．pioneers

B．seniors

C．ancestors

D．inspectors

10.

A．sensitive

B．available

C．equivalent

D．appropriate

11.

A．approach

B．symbol

C．alternative

D．signal

12.

A．crossing over

B．counting for

C．according to

D．dating back

13.

A．described

B．reflected

C．interpreted

D．resembled

14.

A．eventually

B．similarly

C．consequently

D．definitely

15.

A．agriculture

B．vegetation

C．cultivation

D．generation

3 . With vigorous promotion and extensive participation over the past two years, waste sorting is a new trend that has reshaped the image of campuses across Beijing.

“In the past, sanitation workers sorted the garbage next to the trash cans near the dormitory, _________ a disgusting odor. On windy days, the trash was blown everywhere and we always _________ around it with our hands covering our noses,” says Sun Jiajing, a sophomore at Beijing Forestry University. “Now, we are more active in classifying waste.”

Since a revised guideline on household waste disposal in Beijing was _________ on May 1, 2020, many students have seen their campuses take on a new look that is more pleasant, tidy and appealing.

At Beijing Forestry University, about one in four students are trash-sorting volunteers.

In the Beijing No 20 High School, bins to recycle waste are placed on each floor and students on duty will set their wits to turning trash into _________.

“I received training on trash classification before taking on the role as head of the trash-sorting station. My job is to remind everyone to classify waste and recycle to the best _________,” says Ding Shuyi, a student at the school.

As China pushes _________ the “double reduction” education policy, which aims to ease the burden of _________ homework and off-campus tutoring for primary and middle school students, understanding of waste sorting has been fused into academic teaching via various innovative approaches.

“Our Chinese teachers encourage students to write poetries _________ on waste classification, math teachers lead them to do math on topics such as water conservation, while our music teachers choreographed a ‘waste sorting’ dance with the students,” says Zuo Chunyun, principal of a primary school in the suburban Tongzhou district of the capital.

Zuo adds that students in senior classes will join trash-sorting projects and map out _________ in the form of handwritten newspapers and mind maps. Decorations made from recycled materials are exhibited in the school’s corridors.

The same scene can be seen in Qianjin Primary School, Haidian district. “Garbage can be turned into __________,” says Wang Liping, the principal. “We have raised 100,000 yuan ($15,760) of charity funds by encouraging students and their parents to recycle waste, and the money was used to purchase movie screens for schools in Hotan, Xinjiang.”

According to Liu Jianguo, a professor at Tsinghua University, the implementation of garbage sorting depends on the __________ participation and unremitting efforts of society, which is conducive to the__________ of social civilization.

“Wide participation of students and school staff will help promote garbage sorting to become a new fashion in society,” adds Liu.

Official data shows that over 90 percent of the residents in Beijing have participated in waste classification, and about 85 percent can __________ categorize the garbage. But still, relevant departments are __________ to further raise the ratio.

“Our next move will be more precise supervision of groups that did __________ poorer jobs in sorting out garbage,” says a staffer with the Beijing Municipal Commission of Urban Management.

1.

A．smelling

B．generating

C．eliminating

D．generalizing

2.

A．skirted

B．migrated

C．flew

D．hung

3.

A．proposed

B．celebrated

C．implemented

D．issued

4.

A．action

B．cash

C．garbage

D．waste

5.

A．extent

B．element

C．extension

D．initiative

6.

A．forward

B．around

C．roughly

D．blindly

7.

A．decisive

B．excessive

C．inclusive

D．academic

8.

A．scheduled

B．integrated

C．proposed

D．themed

9.

A．instructions

B．distributions

C．solutions

D．anticipations

10.

A．sources

B．supplies

C．demands

D．resources

11.

A．intensive

B．aggressive

C．successive

D．extensive

12.

A．promotion

B．intervention

C．addition

D．communication

13.

A．accurately

B．narrowly

C．broadly

D．scarcely

14.

A．participating

B．supervising

C．striving

D．negotiating

15.

A．fantastically

B．relatively

C．deliberately

D．densely

4 . The water off the coast of northwest Greenland is a glass-like calm, but the puddles (水坑) on the region’s icebergs are a sign that a transformation is underway higher on the ice sheet.

Several days of unusually warm weather in northern Greenland have caused rapid melting, made visible by the rivers of meltwater rushing into the ocean. Temperatures have been running around 60 degrees Fahrenheit — 10 degrees warmer than normal for this time of year, scientists said.

The amount of ice that melted in Greenland between July 15 and 17 this year alone — 6 billion tons of water per day — would be enough to fill 7.2 million Olympic-sized swimming pools, according to data from the US National Snow and Ice Data Center.

Each summer, scientists worry that they will see a repeat of the record melting that occurred in 2019, when 532 billion tons of ice flowed out into the sea. An unexpectedly hot spring and a July heat wave that year caused almost the entire ice sheet’s surface to melt. Global sea level rose permanently by 1.5 millimeters as a result.

Greenland holds enough ice — if it all melted — to lift sea level by 7.5 meters around the world. The latest research points to a more and more threatening situation on the Northern Hemisphere’s iciest island.

“Unprecedented (史无前例的)” rates of melting have been observed at the bottom of the Greenland ice sheet, a study published in February found, caused by huge quantities of meltwater flowing down from the surface. This water is particularly concerning because it can destabilize the sheet above it and could lead to a massive, rapid loss of ice.

And in 2020, scientists found that Greenland’s ice sheet had melted beyond the point of no return. The rate of melting in recent years exceeds anything Greenland has experienced in the last 12,000 years, another study found — and enough to cause measurable change in the gravitational field over Greenland.

At the East Greenland Ice-core Project — or EastGRIP — research camp in northwest Greenland, the work of scientists to understand the impact of climate change is being affected by climate change itself.

Aslak Grinsted, a climate scientist at the University of Copenhagen’s Niels Bohr Institute, said that they have been trying to get flights into the camp but the warmth is destabilizing the landing site.

Before human-caused climate change kicked in, temperatures near 32 degrees Fahrenheit there were unheard of. But since the 1980s, this region has warmed by around 1.5 degrees Fahrenheit per decade — four times faster than the global pace — making it all the more likely that temperatures will cross the melting point.

1. The passage is mainly written to ________.

A．alert people to the rapid melting of Greenland’s ice sheet

B．arouse people’s awareness of protecting the environment

C．inform people of the large amount of ice Greenland holds

D．reveal to people the cause and effect of the rise in sea level

2. What does “a transformation” in the first paragraph refer to?

A．Climate change.	B．A rise in sea level.
C．Global warming.	D．The melting of ice.

3. What can be learned about the ice that melted in 2019?

A．It repeated a record melting of the ice sheet several years ago.

B．Its amount was the largest ever and lifted sea level permanently.

C．It was enough to fill 7.2 million Olympic-sized swimming pools.

D．Its melting rate was so rapid as to result in an unexpectedly hot spring.

4. It is implied in the passage that ________.

A．climate change is a result of human activities

B．the study of climate change is being made easier

C．the melting of Greenland’s ice sheet is reversible

D．temperatures increase 1.5°F or so each decade globally

5 . Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.

Should Hand Feeding Dolphins Be Encouraged?

Some tourist centers train Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphins to approach beachside public sighting areas or boats by hand-feeding them small amounts of fish every day. Because hand-fed males aggressively attack each other over the food, putting themselves and nearby humans in danger, tourist centers focus their hand feeding only on female dolphins, says Valerie Senigaglia at Murdoch University in Perth, Australia

But recent studies have shown that only 38% of the calves (崽) of hand-fed wild dolphins survive to three years of age, which is much lower than the average 77% survival rate for wild calves in general. To better understand why, Senigaglia and her colleagues evaluated the social behavior of dolphins around the Bunbury coast in Western Australia. In particular, they observed the individual behavior and movement of 35 dolphins, including 13 that had been hand-fed using a small boat. They regularly followed each dolphin for periods lasting from 20 minutes to 3 hours for two years in a row for a total of 180 hours.

They found that hand-fed dolphins swam in relatively large groups, but more readily broke away from them to join different ones. In general, they created weak ties with other group members. “You can feel lonely in a room full of people and it’s the same thing for dolphins,” says Senigaglia. Free-swimming dolphins that are fed by hand become less socially involved with their peers. As a result, their calves may grow up lacking vital social skills-which could explain, at least in part, why they are twice as likely to die before reaching adulthood as wild calves generally.

No wonder animal right activists are calling on the practice of hand-feeding dolphins to be stopped.

________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

6 . Science may never know the secrets to memories of the California sea hare, a foot-long sea snail. But a research team claim to have made progress in _______ the simplest kind of memory a mollusk (软体动物) might form, and, with a swift injection, managed to _______ one sea snail’s memory to another.

The kinds of memories that start a defensive reaction in the snails are encoded not in the _______between brain cells, but in RNA molecules (分子), according to David Glanzman, a biologist at UCLA. To _______ the idea, Glanzman implanted wires into the tails of California sea hares and gave them a series of electric shocks. The procedure made the animals so _______ that when they were touched, they contracted parts of their bodies intensely. Glanzman compares the reaction to being nervous after an earthquake: the memory of the event causes a(n) _______ response to any loud noise. After sensitizing the sea snails, Glanzman took RNA out from them and _______ it into new sea snails to see what would happen. He then found the new ones are _______ sensitized, suggesting the “memory” of the electrical shocks had been transplanted. According to Glanzman and his research team, the experiment shows that _______ parts of the memory trace are held in RNA, rather than in the connectivity of brain cells.

However, the work has not yet found widespread ________. “Further work needs to be carried out to determine whether these phenomena are obvious and what is the ________ of such phenomena,” said Prof Vann at Cardiff University. “While a sea snail is a fantastic model, we must be very ________ in drawing comparisons to human memory processes, which are much more complex.”

Tomás Ryan at Trinity College Dublin, is ________. “This work takes us down an interesting road, but I have doubt about it and I don’t think they’ve transplanted a memory,” he said. “This work tells me that maybe the most basic behavioral responses involve some kind of change in the animal.”

________, Ryan added that such creative thinking about memory was in great need: “In a field full of acceptance but lacking ________, we need as many new ideas as possible.”1.

A．deleting

B．disturbing

C．refreshing

D．understanding

2.

A．transfer

B．adjust

C．compare

D．relate

3.

A．connections

B．conflicts

C．secrets

D．distances

4.

A．promote

B．test

C．eliminate

D．impose

5.

A．sensitive

B．adaptable

C．strong

D．relaxed

6.

A．necessary

B．peaceful

C．unconscious

D．impossible

7.

A．plunged

B．invested

C．translated

D．injected

8.

A．crazily

B．dangerously

C．scarcely

D．equally

9.

A．optional

B．essential

C．memorial

D．virtual

10.

A．association

B．recognition

C．innovation

D．publication

11.

A．depth

B．application

C．basis

D．description

12.

A．imaginative

B．careful

C．ambitious

D．speedy

13.

A．supported

B．persuaded

C．unappreciated

D．unconvinced

14.

A．Nevertheless

B．Eventually

C．For example

D．As a result

15.

A．expression

B．likelihood

C．suspicion

D．disturbance

8 . In the winter of 1985, my hometown, Buffalo, experienced a blizzard — not an uncommon occurrence for the region. But this was a big one, and the city’s mayor, Jimmy Griffin, was at pains to persuade people to stop trying to go about their business as conditions worsened. He urged Buffalonians to “relax, stay inside, and grab a six-pack,” which must be the best advice in an emergency situation.

There’s something cartoonish about the threat of a blizzard, in which nature’s anger assumes a fluffy form and tries to kill you. It’s the meteorological equivalent of getting attacked by the Stay Puft Marshmallow Man. And yet, kill it does, through car accidents and heart attacks and other misadventures, usually involving people trying, unwisely, to do something.

Mr. Griffin, therefore known as Jimmy Six-Pack, understood this. The Snow Gods reserve special hatred for those who don’t respect their ability to bring human activity to a standstill. The snow cares not for your deadlines or your happy hour plans. It wants only to fall on the ground and lie there. And it wants you to too.

Needless to say, you should. A snowstorm rewards indolence and punishes busy bees, which is only one of the many reasons it’s the best natural disaster there is.

Time has partly buried my childhood memories of Buffalo’s mighty blizzard of 1977, but I still recall the great drifts that climbed over houses, the spectacle of a world made surprisingly new. It’s a vision that often comes back to my mind every now and then, as we face the terrible prospect of a climate changed by human appetites — the future winters, damp and snow less, that may well await us. So let us all now pause, perhaps over a six-pack, and bear witness as the climate changes us.

1. The writer mentions the mayor of Jimmy Griffin in order to__________.

A．introduce a proper way to deal with blizzards

B．appreciate his contribution to the city’s development

C．highlight how the climate worsened in his term

D．explain why blizzards were not uncommon in Buffalo

2. The underlined word “indolence” is closest in meaning to __________.

A．anger

B．diligence

C．intelligence

D．laziness

3. It can be inferred from the last paragraph that the writer feels___________ the possible snowless winters.

A．annoyed by

B．amazed at

C．pleased with

D．sorry for

4. Which of the following might be the best title for the passage?

A．Blizzard: a Thing of the Past.	B．In Case of a Snowstorm, Do Nothing.
C．What Will the Future Winters Be Like?	D．Witness to Climate Change.

9 . For millions of years, Arctic sea ice has expanded and shrunk in a rhythmic dance with the summer sun. Humans evolved in this icy world, and civilization relied on it for climatic, ecological and political stability. But now the world comes ever closer to a future without ice. The National Snow and Ice Data Center reported that 2019’s minimum arctic sea ice extent was the second lowest on record. Arctic summers could become mostly ice-free in 30 years, and possibly sooner if current trends continue. As the northern sea ice declines, the world must unite to preserve what remains of the Arctic.

Although most people have never seen the sea ice, its effects are never far away. By reflecting sunlight, Arctic ice acts as Earth’s air conditioner. Once dark water replaces brilliant ice, Earth could warm substantially, equivalent to the warming caused by the additional release of a trillion tons of carbon dioxide (CO₂) into the atmosphere and declining sea ice threatens wildlife, from the polar bear to algae that grow beneath the sea ice, supporting the large amount of marine life.

To avoid the consequences the scientific community should advocate not just for lowering greenhouse gas emissions, but also for protecting the Arctic from exploitation. The Antarctic shows the way. In the 1950s, countries raced to claim the Antarctic continent for resources and military installations. Enter the scientists. The 1957-1958 International Geophysical Year brought together scientists from competing countries to study Antarctica, and countries temporarily suspended their territorial disputes (争议). In 1959, 12 countries signed the Antarctic Treaty to preserve the continent for peaceful scientific discovery rather than territorial and military gain.

Sixty years later, we must now save the Arctic. A new Marine Arctic Peace Sanctuary (MAPS) Treaty would protect the Arctic Ocean as a scientific preserve for peaceful purposes only. Similar to Antarctica, MAPS would prohibit resource exploitation, commercial fishing and shipping, and military exercises. So far, only 2 non-Arctic countries have signed MAPS; 97 more need to sign on to enact it into law. Scientists can help—just as they did for the Antarctic—by giving statements of support, asking scientific organizations to endorse (支持) the treaty, communicating the importance of protecting the arctic to the public and policy-makers, and above all, by convincing national leaders to sign the treaty. In particular, Arctic nations must agree that recognizing the arctic as an international preserve is better than fighting over it. In 2018, these countries successfully negotiated a 16-year moratorium on commercial fishing in the Arctic high seas, demonstrating that such agreements are possible.

Humans have only ever lived in a world topped by ice. Can we now work together to protect Arctic ecosystems, keep the northern peace, and allow the sea ice to return?

1. What can be inferred from the passage?

A．wildlife relies on sea ice for food and water.

B．The Arctic would be ice-free in 30 years.

C．Sea ice slows down the global warming.

D．The melting of sea ice releases CO2.

2. The Antarctic is mentioned in the passage in order to ________.

A．remind readers of the past of the Antarctic

B．propose a feasible approach for the Arctic

C．stress the importance of preserving sea ice

D．recall how the Antarctic Treaty came into being

3. The word “moratorium” (in paragraph 4) is closest in meaning to ________.

A．battle	B．ban
C．memo	D．protection

4. Which of the following might be the best title of the passage?

A．Antarctic: a Successful Comeback?	B．Sea Ice and Global Warming
C．Arctic: the Earth’s Future	D．Life Without Ice?

10 . COVID-19 lockdowns had strange effects on air pollution across the globe

Ever since the covid-19 spread, many changes have come with the _____________ unstoppable virus. China has shown the first sign. Rightly after a strict nationwide lockdown was _____________ in late January, most people were restricted from leaving their homes at all for as long as 3 weeks. As a result, the authority ___________ a sharp decline in the direct emissions of air pollution on a scale never observed before. “Changes in emissions would be significant and ___________ studying for it may bring us new solutions to greenhouse effect,” says Jiset Deew, a chemist at the Harvard University, “The pandemic has caused lots of tragedies, but the lesson we can learn is important.”

Researchers found it a strange but ___________ chance to capture how human economic activity—particularly car traffic—dropped rapidly and thus to seek for the answer to the influence of ___________ traffic on air quality. “Running atmospheric chemistry experiments is often a ___________ task based on the lack of experimental conditions, so we have to _________ really complex reaction chambers and computer models,” says Tg, who now works on the project _____________ organic aerosols at MIT. “But in this unprecedented year, we finally get the chance to __________ our ideas and we hope the new findings will further our understanding of the mechanisms that rule atmospheric chemistry but also offer guidance for policy makers who seek to improve air quality and ____________ climate change.”

During the lockdown, passenger traffic plumbed, and traffic-related emissions—particularly CO₂ and NO₂—__________ accordingly. Vehicles powered by gas directly release huge amounts of CO₂ and NO₂. CO₂, a greenhouse gas, plays a major role in global warming. Besides, NO₂ plays a __________ part in atmospheric reactions that produce ozone which helps __________ UV light (紫外线). Now, experts are still working to __________ how the two gases changed during pandemic.

1.

A．seemingly

B．absolutely

C．relatively

D．theoretically

2.

A．criticized

B．issued

C．imposed

D．publicized

3.

A．suffered

B．witnessed

C．reformed

D．respected

4.

A．worth

B．busy

C．demand

D．symbolic

5.

A．rare

B．precious

C．applicable

D．respective

6.

A．halved

B．growing

C．increasing

D．double

7.

A．meaningful

B．honorable

C．tough

D．rough

8.

A．adapt

B．acknowledge

C．accomplish

D．adopt

9.

A．exchanging

B．reminding

C．persisting

D．concerning

10.

A．expect

B．treasure

C．test

D．appreciate

11.

A．relieve

B．settle

C．comfort

D．signal

12.

A．turned

B．kicked

C．fell

D．crushed

13.

A．key

B．indirect

C．wide

D．negative

14.

A．leak

B．collapse

C．lift

D．resist

15.

A．strike

B．take

C．investigate

D．analyze