1 . Two little girls,14-year-old Cindy and 12-year-old Lucy, wrote to a newspaper office, asking some fast food restaurants to stop giving away free plastic (塑料) toys. Many people read the letter and supported them.
“We have been learning all about the environment at school and the problem of plastic. It made us very sad to see how plastic harms wildlife and pollutes the ocean, and we want to change this.That’s why we want the fast food restaurants to think of the environment and stop giving away plastic toys with their kids meals.” the two girls wrote in their letter.
“We like to go to eat in fast food restaurants, but children only play with the plastic toys they give us for a few minutes before they get thrown away. In the end, they will harm animals and pollute the sea. We want anything they give us to be sustainable (可持续发展的), so we can protect the earth for us and for future humans,” they continued.
The letter made a large number of readers pay attention to them. The number of people who supported them almost doubled after reporters followed the two little girls.
Since the little girls’ story started being picked up by news reporters, the fast food restaurants had to give a reply to the newspaper office, telling about their plans for making their free toys more sustainable.
1. The two little girls wrote to the newspaper office in order to ________.A.get some fast food |
B.get some free presents |
C.stop children having junk food |
D.stop fast food restaurants giving away plastic toys |
A.At home. | B.At school. |
C.In a restaurant. | D.In a library. |
A.fast food restaurants | B.fast food |
C.plastic toys | D.waste water |
A.They may stop giving away free plastic toys. |
B.They may make free toys with paper and cloth. |
C.They may sell their plastic toys to other countries. |
D.They may make free plastic toys more sustainable. |
2 . Scientists often compare coral reefs(珊瑚礁) to underwater rainforests, yet unlike the leafy plant base of a forest, corals are animals. The soft creatures are naturally half-transparent and get their brilliant color from algae(藻类) living inside them. When corals experience stress from hot temperatures or pollution, they halt the interdependent relationship with algae, typically pushing them out and turning white. Corals are still alive when they are white, but they're at risk and many eventually die, turning dark brown.
Scientists around the world are looking for means to protect and maybe increase corals. One common option is to create more protected areas — essentially national parks in the ocean. Beyond nature preserves, some conservationists are looking to more hands-on methods. One research center in the Florida Keys is exploring a form of natural selection to keep corals remaining. The reef system in the Keys has been hit hard by climate change and pollution, which is especially tough, because corals there help support fisheries worth $ 100 million every year.
To keep the wild ecosystem alive, Erinn Muller, the center's director, and her team are harvesting samples of the corals that survived the environmental stress naturally, keeping them to make them reproduce, and then reattaching them to the reef. They have 46,000 corals on plastic frames under the sea. So far, the center has regrown over 70,000 corals from five different species on damaged reefs.
In The Bahamas, Ross Cunning, a research biologist at Chicago's Shedd Aquarium, focuses on corals with genes that could make them natural candidates for restoration projects. He published a study of two Bahamian reefs, one that survived an extreme 2015 heat wave, and one that didn't. "We think their ability to deal with these higher temperatures is built into their genes," says Cunning. There's evidence of corals evolving more quickly to resist rapidly warming climate. The big question scientists need investigate, adds Gunning, is how much more heat corals can adapt to.
1. What does the underlined word "halt" in the first paragraph mean?A.End. | B.Develop. | C.Strengthen. | D.Weaken. |
A.Restore the damaged reefs. | B.Grow corals by hand underwater. |
C.Create more protected areas. | D.Move corals to unpolluted areas. |
A.Many corals have been genetically improved. | B.Cooling down the waters is key to rescuing corals. |
C.Reasons for corals surviving heat waves are shocking. | D.The highest temperature corals can survive is unclear. |
A.Relationship between corals and algae | B.Efforts made to save corals |
C.Impact of climate warming on corals | D.Survival crisis faced by coral reefs |
3 . Plastic garbage is one of the world’s biggest environmental headaches. Some plastic items like water bottles and shopping bags can last for hundreds of years after being thrown away, with all this plastic rubbish disrupting ecosystems and disturbing the habitats of wildlife.
There have been several projects to help control plastic production, but researchers may have found a natural way to get rid of the products.
Waxworms, which are confusingly classed as caterpillars(毛毛虫), are the honey bee’s worst nightmares, as they lay their eggs inside their hives(蜂巢). Amateur beekeeper Federica Bertocchini decided to use plastic bags to protect the hives, however she was dumbfounded when she discover the insects were able to eat holes into the sides of the bags.
The beekeeper’s surprising findings sparked a study. Bertocchini, from the Spanish National Research Council, teamed up with scientists from Cambridge University to perform some tests.
When the team put about one hundred waxworms into a standard UK plastic shopping bag, they began feasting. After about 12 hours they’d eaten roughly 92 milligrams of the bag.
In all, this isn’t huge amount, but it’s a lot faster than other natural ways. Last year, researchers found a specific type of bacteria( 细 菌 )could eat plastic, but at a rate of 0. 13 milligrams a day, making this is a massive jump in the search for a natural way to dispose(处理) plastic.
The team is still not 100 percent sure how the worms do what they do, but they’re heralding this as an important first step to get rid of pollution.
Luckily, while that team works out the answer, plastic manufacturers have found a way to make their products much more environmentally friendly. There are three types of environmentally friendly plastics: bioplastics(which are made from corn starch), biodegradable plastics(which break down quicker) and recycled plastic.
Hopefully with these new products, we will get closer to a society that is less harmful to the environment.
1. Why is plastic garbage a huge environmental headache?A.Because some plastic bottles can stay on the street for many years. |
B.Because this kind of rubbish will do great damage to the environment for years. |
C.Because more and more plastic bags will make the environment look dull and ugly. |
D.Because the plastic rubbish will make the wild life get worse than before. |
A.Shocked. | B.Frightened. | C.Embarrassed. | D.Uncomfortable. |
A.They make the plastic into honey. |
B.They help scientist develop new plastic. |
C.They eat the plastic in an environmentally friendly way. |
D.They work with some plastic factories to deal with plastic faster. |
A.The author is optimistic about the environment. |
B.There will be more plastic products. |
C.The waxworms will play a major role in the future. |
D.No one is 100 percent sure what the future will be like. |
4 . About 12 million tons of plastic wastes are entering the oceans every year. This garbage pollutes the water, kills wildlife and breaks down into small pieces that fish and other creatures eat.
Now a group of Spanish fishermen will receive economic support to catch plastics. It is part of a new project. Carlos Martin is one of the fishermen taking part in the project. He and his partners collect the plastic in the ocean and bring it back to land every week. Martin thinks rivers carry a lot of plastics to the sea. He says his most concern is no more than that the plastics often get caught in the nets, which makes nets not work properly. They take on mud(泥), causing the nets to break because they weigh so much.
Under the new programs, one million pounds will support ocean cleanup efforts for fishermen like Martin. The money is coming from the European Union and the Catalan government. Sergi Tudela, the General Director of Catalonia Fisheries, is responsible for the cleanup project. He said, "We are hopeful that if we are successful in this project, we can apply it to other areas in the Mediterranean(地中海)."
Government reports show that the amount of plastic wastes washing up along the Spanish coastline has grown by 65 percent in just six years. Fishing equipment makes up a large part of the about 8 to 12 million tons of plastics left in the world's oceans every year.
Martin says the fishing community now understands how big the problem is. He says, "In the past we didn't see it that way. We took the plastic garbage and threw it back into the water. I think that after a few year here we have realized the problem. Nothing is thrown into the water; we collect everything and bring it to shore.
1. What worries Martin most about plastic wastes at the beginning?A.They pollute the sea environment. |
B.They affect the quality and taste of fish. |
C.They prevent the fishing nets from working well. |
D.They kill wildlife and reduce his fishing amount. |
A.Getting more money to support the project. |
B.Getting help from other European countries. |
C.Spreading the cleanup project to more places. |
D.Praising the European Union for their helping to the oceans. |
A.Its members do a lot of work for free. |
B.It has stopped using plastic fishing equipment. |
C.It has made positive changes to fight plastic wastes. |
D.Its members find people sill throw the garbage carelessly. |
A.New programs are changing fishermen's life |
B.Money is given to Spanish fishermen to clean up oceans |
C.Traditional fishing equipment causes a lot of plastic wastes |
D.Spanish fishermen are encouraging people to clean up oceans |
5 . Be a Green Child
What does it mean to be green? “Green” is more than just a color.
Reduce It!
Reuse It!
Sometimes people call ours a “throwaway society”. It means that we’re a little to willing to throw away old stuff (东西) and buy new stuff.
For instance, if your baby brother becomes older and loses interest in his plastic basketball hoop (篮圈), why not give it to another family who has a little kid?
Recycle It!
Recycling has never been easier. Many communities will pick it up right in front of your house and some towns even require it. Recycled goods go to a recycling center, where they can be turned into new cans, bottles, and paper.
Enjoy It!
It’s true that rubbish and pollution are problems, but the Earth remains a huge and beautiful place that’s ready for you to explore.
But before you travel the globe, take a look at your own backyard. Is there a spot where you could plant a tree or put in a little fruit or vegetable garden?
A.It also means taking special steps to protect the environment. |
B.Many times, even if you no longer need something, someone else just might. |
C.You can start locally by visiting the naturally beautiful spots in your city. |
D.Turn off the water when you’re brushing your teeth. |
E.Get out there and get your hands dirty. |
F.You can watch with pride as your tree takes root and your garden plants grow. |
G.When you use less of something, you do a good thing for the Earth. |
6 . An endangered species is a group of animals that could soon become extinct.
Habitat destruction is the main reason why animals become endangered and this happens in two ways. When humans move into a new area, the animals’ habitat is destroyed and there is nowhere for them to live and nothing to eat because humans chop down trees and build houses and farms.
So what can individuals and governments do to protect endangered species? We should take care not to pollute natural areas, and farmers or companies who destroy animal habitats should face severe financial penalties.
A.Animal habitats are also destroyed because of pollution. |
B.Endangered species are also the result of hunting and fishing. |
C.Eventually, all the creatures on Earth will enjoy being together. |
D.Recent changes, however, have helped to improve the situation. |
E.The public can help out by refusing to buy any products made from these animals’body parts. |
F.Extinction happens when the last of the species has died out and there will be no more. |
G.If we all cooperate and take these steps, we will protect these animals for future generations. |
7 . If plastic had been invented when the Pilgrims sailed from Plymouth, England, to North America - and their Mayflower had been stocked with bottled water and plastic-wrapped snacks, their plastic waste would likely still be around four centuries later. Atlantic waves and sunlight would have worn all that plastic into tiny bits. And those bits might still be floating around the world’s oceans today, waiting to be eaten by some fish or oyster, and finally perhaps by one of us.
Because plastic wasn’t invented until the late 19th century, and its production only really took off around 1950, we have a mere 9. 2 billion tons of the stuff to deal with. Of that, more than 6. 9 billion tons have become waste. And of that waste, a surprising 6. 3 billion tons never made it to a recycling bin - the figure that shocked the scientists who published the numbers in 2017.
No one knows how much unrecycled plastic waste ends up in the ocean, the earth’s last sink. In 2015, Jenna Jambeck, a University of Georgia engineering professor, caught everyone’s attention with a rough estimate: between 5. 3 million and 14 million tons of plastic waste each year just come from coastal regions.
Meanwhile, ocean plastic is estimated to kill millions of marine( 海 洋 的 )animals every year. Nearly 700 species, including endangered ones, are known to have been affected by it. Some are harmed visibly, stuck by abandoned things made of plastic. Many more are probably harmed invisibly. Marine species of all sizes, from zooplankton to whales, now eat microplastics, the bits smaller than one-fifth of an inch across.
“This isn’t a problem where we don’t know what the solution is,” says Ted Siegler, a Vermont resource economist who has spent more than 25 years working with developing nations on garbage. “We know how to pick up garbage. Anyone can do it. We know how to deal with it. We know how to recycle.” It’s a matter of building the necessary institutions and systems, he says, ideally before the ocean turns into a thin soup of plastic.
1. Why does the author mention the Pilgrims in paragraph 1?A.To prove plastic was difficult to invent. |
B.To introduce what marine animals like eating. |
C.To tell the Pilgrims contributed a lot to the marine protection. |
D.To show plastic waste has a lasting effect on the ocean. |
A.Lacking protection. | B.Being stuck by plastics. |
C.Being caught by humans. | D.Treating plastics as food. |
A.Some people don’t know the solution of plastics waste. |
B.Plastics will turn the ocean into a soup of plastic. |
C.It’s time to take measures to deal with plastic waste. |
D.People should avoid using plastics to protect the ocean. |
A.A biology textbook. | B.A travel brochure. |
C.An environmental report. | D.A lifestyle magazine. |
8 . As the world’s population continues to increase, so does the amount of global waste people produce. According to data collected by the World Bank Group, nations will generate 4 billion tons of waste annually by the year 2100. The pollution from trash is not only ruining the world’s oceans, air and soil but endangering all living creatures.
For years government agencies have been telling citizens to live a zero-waste lifestyle. Traditionally, manufacturers would make a product to be used and thrown by consumers. This linear model of production offered no help in the fight against global waste. Alternatively, a circular economy has been introduced. This is a system which aims to minimize waste and restore used materials. Once a product’s value is exhausted, the materials are recycled and returned to manufactures. The outcome is less waste.
In 2016, The Wall Street Journal reported on the Taiwan island’s recycling success rate in an article titled The World’s Geniuses of Garbage Disposal. In 1997, Taiwan established its signature 4-in-l Recycling Program, consisting of communities, recycling enterprises, government cleaning teams and the Recycling Fund. Residents separate their recyclable waste and bring it to their community’s recycling locations. The local government collection teams and private collectors collect it. Recycling companies buy waste materials from them to generate profits. Importers and manufacturers who are responsible for the recyclable products pay a fee into the Recycling Fund. The Recycling Fund is an essential aspect of the program used to subsidize (资助) the recycling disposal system, support education and research and development as well as finance recycling efforts in the future.
By following a circular system, more products than ever are being manufactured using recycled materials. For example, used tires can be recovered to pave roads, while plastic is reused to make new plastic products. And it also helps to conserve natural resources, reduce pollution, save landfill space and even create new job opportunities.
1. Why has a circular economy been introduced?A.The population is on the rise. |
B.It can help handle global waste. |
C.The living creatures on earth are getting less diverse. |
D.Traditional products are not environmentally friendly. |
A.The recyclable materials can be collected officially or privately. |
B.The importers and manufactures cover the costs of the program. |
C.Recycling companies buy waste materials from the residents. |
D.The government invests money as the recycling fund. |
A.It will cause no waste or pollution. | B.It reduces the costs of the products. |
C.It helps lower the unemployment rate. | D.All the materials can be recycled again. |
A.Do nothing by halves. | B.All that glisters isn’t gold. |
C.Actions speak louder than words. | D.One man’s trash is another man’s treasure. |
9 . If you live in Shanghai, you might have to take a “lesson” in sorting garbage (垃圾分类), as the city recently introduced new garbage-sorting rules.
It’s now required that people should sort garbage into four groups, namely recyclable, harmful, dry and wet waste. However, if people fail to sort their garbage properly, they can be fined up to 200 yuan.
More cities are introducing similar rules, following the practice in Shanghai. By the end of 2020, garbage-sorting systems will have been built in 46 major Chinese cities, including Beijing and Shenzhen, reported People’s Daily.
According to a study by the Policy Research Center for Environment and Economy, under the Ministry of Ecology and Environment, over 90 percent of the public believe that garbage sorting is important for the protection of the environment.
However, garbage sorting is still a big problem in China. Only 30 percent of participants(参加者) said they think they are adequately sorting their garbage, the study noted.
According to Xinhua News Agency, it’s partly because many people lack the willingness to sort their own waste. In the past, some garbage rules didn’t give clear fines for people who failed to sort garbage.
“It’s a must to have a legal guarantee (法律保障) to support garbage sorting,” Liu Jianguo, a professor from Tsinghua University, told China Daily.
Liu Xinyu, a researcher of the Shanghai Academy of Social Sciences, told China Daily that the importance of the new rules in Shanghai is to change the past voluntary action into compulsory action for everyone.
Besides China, many other foreign countries have also introduced garbage-sorting rules. In Japan, waste sorting has become a basic survival skill, reported Xinhua. There is a fixed time to deal with each kind of garbage and littering can result in high fines and being sentenced in prison.
In Germany too, people are asked to sort waste into specific groups, reported HuffPost. For example, in Berlin, people have yellow dustbins for plastic and metals and blue dustbins for paper and cardboard.
1. What do we know about garbage sorting in Shanghai?A.People should put their garbage into two groups. |
B.People will be fined 200 yuan each time they break the rules. |
C.Shanghai is the first city to introduce garbage-sorting rules in the world. |
D.It sets an example for many other cities in China. |
A.put off | B.lead to | C.turn in | D.cut down |
A.Why garbage sorting is important. |
B.How other countries sort garbage. |
C.Garbage sorting has started in China. |
D.The world’s garbage problem is becoming worse. |
10 . Do you know anyone who plays Ant Forest? It is a game on Alipay. Users collect “energy “ for their “trees” to grow. When their “tree” finishes growing, Alipay will plant a real tree in the desert areas of China.
This is part of China’s efforts to fight desertification . Since 1978, China has planted over 66 billion trees across its dry northern areas, according to China Daily.
Desertification means there are no trees or grass. Water can’t stay in the soil and sand is everywhere.
About 2.6 million square kilometers of China’s land is covered with sand. That’s about 27 percent of the country’s land. It has also caused sandstorms .
By planting new trees, sandstorms in China have been cut by 20 percent in recent years. About 13,000 square kilometers of land have become oases (绿洲).
Ian Teh, a British photographer , traveled through northern China last year. He saw many new oases.
“It was hard to imagine that it was ever a desert,” he told Wired magazine.
1. What is Ant Forest?A.It is an app that lets people buy things. |
B.It is a game that can help fight desertification. |
C.It is a forest for people to grow trees in. |
D.It is a name for a group of special ants. |
A.Planted billions of trees. | B.Built houses in dry northern areas. |
C.Moved all the sand to one place. | D.Built oases around cities. |
A.2.6 percent | B.27 percent | C.20 percent | D.66 percent |
A.It was hard to travel in the desert. | B.It was amazing to see new oases there. |
C.It was still full of sand. | D.It was not easy to find any trees in the north. |