1 . The complexities of human relations are difficult enough for adults to identify — and they have at least some idea of the rules. Children have yet to learn those rules. Infants are, nevertheless, able quickly to identify close relationships between other people, and thus to build up a map of the social world around them.

How this comes out has puzzled sociologists for decades. In a paper just published in Science, Ashley Thomas of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology proposes a partial answer: saliva (唾液) shared by kissing, for example, or the common use of an eating or drinking tool.

The researchers came to the conclusion based on a series of studies. To study those questions, the researchers observed toddlers (16.5 to 18.5 months) and babies (8.5 to 10 months) as they watched a video to see interactions between human actors and puppets (木偶). In the experiment, a puppet shared an orange with one actor, which indicates involvement of sharing saliva, and then threw a ball back and forth with a different actor. The researchers observed the children’s reactions when the puppet showed distress while sitting between the two actors. The team found that the infants were more likely to look toward the actor who had shared food with the puppet, not the one who had shared a toy, when the puppet was in distress.

Conducting her experiment by video enabled Dr. Thomas to cast her search for trial participants beyond Massachusetts. She nevertheless decided, in this first instance, to limit things to the United States. Future runs, she hopes, will reach beyond that country’s borders.

1. What does the underlined word “this” in paragraph 2 refer to?

A．Adult’s identifying human relations.

B．Children’s learning interpersonal rules.

C．Babies’ getting to know new things around them.

D．Infants’ recognizing relationships between people.

2. Which can best describe the research process?

A．Well-designed.	B．Time-consuming.
C．Tightly-scheduled.	D．Risk-taking.

3. What can the tests illustrate?

A．Infants tend to believe in adults blindly.

B．Saliva sharing is indicative of closeness.

C．Infants are competent to show sympathy.

D．Saliva sharing acts as a comfort for infants.

4. What was Dr. Thomas’s expectation for the future tests?

A．An extension of age group.	B．More advanced equipment.
C．A broader regional coverage.	D．Diverse experimental methods.

2 . 假定你是李华，你校将开设国画、京剧和书法选修课。你校交换生 Chris发来邮件咨询你的选课建议。请你回复邮件，内容包括：
1.你的建议及理由；
2.你的期待。
注意：
1.词数100左右；
2.可以适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。
参考词汇： 选修课 elective course
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5 . 假定英语课上老师要求同桌之间交换修改作文，请你修改你同桌写的以下作文。文中共有10处语言错误，每句中最多有两处。每处错误仅涉及一个单词的增加、删除或修改。
增加：在缺词处加一个漏字符号(∧)，并在其下面写出该加的词。
删除：把多余的词用斜线(\)划掉。
修改：在错的词下划一横线，并在该词下面写出修改后的词。
注意：1.每处错误及其修改均仅限一词；
2.只允许修改10处，多者(从第11处起)不计分。

As modern technology brings so much convenient to us, traditional things are fading away. Take paper-cutting in example. When I was very small, it was too popular that most women could cut all kind of interesting shapes. Today I found that most of them had stopped to cutting paper, because they could buy it at a very lower price. Besides, young people don’t learn such art as paper-cutting, for they think this is not necessary to learn old-fashion things. Personal, tradition should not abandoned. It is the reflection of our culture. Even face the challenge, we need to inherit the tradition.

6 . 阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。

Statistics show that there are more than 1.9 billion videos related to stove-boiled tea on social media platforms.

“Stove-boiled tea”, a     1     (new) emerging social activity among young Chinese people, has been filling up social media feeds. Usually     2     (consist) of several friends who gather to sit around a fire stove, they together enjoy the smell of charcoal-grilled (炭烤的) snacks and socialize     3     waiting for the tea to boil. Though it has recently regained     4     (popular), cooking tea on a stove actually has     5     long history in China. “Stove-boiled tea” is originated from an intangible cultural heritage from southwest China’s Yunnan Province: huotang roasted tea. Huotang is a type of kang, a stone stove,     6     (use) for heating in Yunnan. As an important source of heat and light     7     aids cooking, sleeping, and even interpersonal relationships and     8     (gathering) in the households of ethnic minorities in the region, a kind of huotang culture thus formed around it.

Stove-boiled tea acts as a social way of combining ancient     9     modern elements, attracting many young people who love both tourism and traditional tea culture. In many ways, it is a perfect activity     10     (spend) the winter, warming body and soul in the cold months.

8 . Scientists looking to uncover the mysteries of the underwater world have more valuable information thanks to an international team that has produced a list of species confirmed or expected to produce sound underwater.

Led by Audrey Looby from the University of Florida, the Global Library of Underwater Biological Sounds working group collaborated with the World Register of Marine Species to document 729 mammals (哺乳动物), fishes, and invertebrates (无脊椎动物) that produce active or passive sounds. In addition, the list includes another 21,911 species that are considered to likely produce sounds.

“With more than 70% of the Earth’s surface covered by water, most of the planet’s habitats are aquatic, and there is a misconception that most aquatic organisms are silent. The newly published comprehensive digital database on what animals are known to make sounds is the first of its kind and can revolutionize marine and aquatic science,” the researchers said.

“Listening to underwater sounds can reveal a lot of information about the species that produce them and is useful for a variety of applications, ranging from fisheries management, invasive species detection to assessing human environmental impacts,” said Looby, who also co-created FishSounds, which offers a collection of fish sound production research records.

The team’s research was published in Scientific Data and involved 19 authors from six countries. “Understanding how marine species interact with their environments is of global importance, and this data being freely available is a major step toward that goal,” said Kieran Cox, a member of the research team.

“Most people are familiar with whale or dolphin sounds but are often surprised to learn that many fishes and invertebrates use sounds to communicate, too,” Looby said. “Our database helps demonstrate how widespread underwater sound production really is across a variety of animals, but we still have a lot to learn.”

1. What does the underlined word “aquatic” in paragraph 3 probably mean?

A．Outdoor.	B．Over-crowded.
C．Well-protected.	D．Underwater.

2. What is people’s misunderstanding according to the text?

A．Most fishes can’t make sounds.

B．Different species can communicate.

C．Mammals can live in water.

D．Ocean animals can’t get onto the land.

3. What is the goal mentioned by Kieran Cox?

A．To document ocean animals’ sounds.

B．To set up a free database for scientists.

C．To learn how ocean animals communicate.

D．To publish the research in Scientific Data.

4. What is the purpose of the text?

A．To call on people to protect ocean animals.

B．To introduce the finding of a research team.

C．To list the animals that can produce sounds.

D．To uncover the mysterious underwater world.

9 . In the old-fashioned town of Willowbrook, two friends named Emma and Liam shared an intimate bond. They were inseparable and spent every moment together, laughing, exploring, and creating unforgettable memories.

One cold winter morning, as the first snowflakes gently fell from the sky, Emma woke up with a stuffy nose and a sore throat. She tried to brave it and get ready for school, but her body felt weak and achy. Unwillingly, she called Liam to let him know she couldn’t make it to school that day.

Liam was concerned when he heard the tiredness in Emma’s voice. “Don’t worry, Em. I’ll take care of everything at school for you,” he assured her. Feeling grateful for Liam’s understanding, Emma forced a smile and replied, “Thank you, Liam. You’re the best friend anyone could ask for.”

After school, Liam hurried to Emma’s house, carrying a meal he had prepared for her. He knocked on the door, and Emma’s mother welcomed him with a warm smile. “Oh, Liam, you’re such a thoughtful friend,” she said.

“I brought some soup and tea for Emma. I hope it will make her feel better,” Liam replied, some concern in his eyes. Entering Emma’s room, Liam found her curled up under a blanket, looking pale but relieved to see him. “Hey, I brought some comfort food to cheer you up,” he said, setting the food on her bedside table.

Emma’s eyes lit up, and she smiled weakly. “You didn’t have to, but thank you. This means the world to me,” she whispered. Sitting by her side, Liam kept her company, chatting softly and making her laugh despite her illness. The warmth of their friendship enveloped the room, bringing a feeling of comfort to Emma’s tired soul.

As Emma regained her strength, she realized just how lucky she was to have a friend like Liam. His unwavering presence and kindness had made her recovery easier and brighter. Their friendship grew stronger with each passing day, and from that moment on, they knew they would be there for each other through thick and thin.

1. What does the underlined word “intimate” in Paragraph 1 probably mean?

A．Satisfactory.

B．Informal.

C．Close.

D．Temporary.

2. Why didn’t Emma go to school that morning?

A．It was too cold to go outside.	B．Liam failed to pick her up.
C．She was in a bad condition.	D．School was closed for the heavy snow.

3. Which of the following can best describe Liam?

A．Considerate and caring.	B．Brave but lazy.
C．Selfless and active.	D．Independent but stubborn.

4. What’s the text mainly about?

A．Emma’s illness.	B．A precious friendship.
C．Liam’s company.	D．How to help a friend.

10 . In 1947 a group of famous people from the art world headed by an Austrian conductor decided to hold an international festival of music, dance and theatre in Edinburgh. The idea was to reunite Europe after the Second World War.

At the same time, the “Fringe” appeared as a rival to the official festival. Eight theatre groups turned up uninvited in 1947, in the belief that everyone should have the right to perform, and they did so in a public house disused for years.

Soon, groups of students firstly from Edinburgh University, and later from the universities of Oxford and Cambridge, Durham and Birmingham were making the journey to the Scottish capital each summer to perform theatre by little-known writers of plays in small church halls to the people of Edinburgh.

Today the “Fringe”, once less recognized, has far outgrow n the festival with around 1,500 performances of theatre, music and dance on every one of the 21 days it lasts. And years early as 1959, with only 19 theatre groups performing, some said it was getting too big.

A paid administrator was first employed only in 1971, and today there are eight administrators working all year round and the number rises to 150 during August itself. Last year there were 200 places housing 1,695 shows by over 600 different groups from 50 different countries. More than 1.25 million tickets were sold.

1. What was the purpose of Edinburgh Festival at the beginning?

A．To bring Europe together again.	B．To honor heroes of World War II.
C．To introduce young theatre groups.	D．To attract great artists from Europe.

2. What does the underlined word “rival” in Paragraph 2 refer to?

A．Requirement.

B．Chance.

C．Plan.

D．Challenge.

3. Who joined the “Fringe” after it appeared?

A．Popular writers.	B．University students.
C．Artists from around the world.	D．Performers of music and dance.

4. What may we learn from the text about Edinburgh Festival?

A．It has gone beyond an art festival.	B．It has become a non-official event.
C．It keeps growing rapidly.	D．It gives shows all year round.