1 . It’s unlikely that we’ll see a dodo, a flightless bird, walking this earth anytime again, according to Beth Shapiro, a evolutionary molecular biologist.
“When most people think about de-extinction, they’re imagining cloning,” Shapiro said. Cloning, the approach that created Dolly, the sheep in 1996 and Elizabeth Ann, the black-footed ferret in 2020, creates an identical genetic copy of an individual by putting DNA from a living adult cell into an egg cell from which the nucleus (细胞核) has been removed. Adult cells contain all the DNA needed to develop into a living animal. Egg cells then use that DNA as a blueprint to turn themselves into many kinds of cells——skin, organs, blood and bones——the animal needs.
“But no living cells from dodos exist. Instead,” Shapiro said, “you’d have to start with a closely related animal’s genome (基因组) and then change it into one similar to dodos.” For example, mammoths (猛犸) are also extinct,but they were very closely related to modern Asian elephants, so researchers are attempting to bring mammoths back from extinction by creating a hybrid mammoth with some mammoth genes replacing part of the elephant genome in an elephant egg cell. However, there are likely millions of genetic differences between the genome of an Asian elephant and that of a mammoth according to Shapiro.
As for the dodo, its closest living relative is the Nicobar pigeon. Mammoths and Asian elephants are pretty closely related, whereas it had been more than 20 million years since the dodo and the Nicobar pigeon had any common ancestors. Genetic differences between the two bird species are therefore much greater, making it a formidable task to create a successful hybrid in the lab, Shapiro said.
Even if scientists manage to bring dodos back, the island where they once lived is a very different place nowadays, which make it impossible to reintroduce dodos without major intervention.
1. What is Paragraph 2 mainly about?A.The special role of DNA. |
B.The process of cloning. |
C.The development of cloning. |
D.The complexity of cloning. |
A.Dodos are harder to bring back to life. |
B.Their living cells are hard to preserve. |
C.Cloning can be used to recreate extinct animals. |
D.They share a similar genome with Asian elephants. |
A.Urgent. |
B.Possible. |
C.Tough. |
D.Different. |
A.Favorable. |
B.Intolerant. |
C.Objective. |
D.Negative. |
Confucius was born into a middle class family in Lu State, an area with the modern city of Qufu, in China’s Shandong Province. Now, he
Confucius also lived
Even up to the time of Confucius’s
Yet, his philosophical (哲学的) ideas survived during the later Han Dynasty. Emperor Han Wudi,
3 . Recycling is a great way of doing your bit for the environment and helping to protect the earth’s precious resources. However, a new study has revealed that our desire to be sustainable maybe doing more harm than good. According to waste company Biffa, this is because of “wish-cycling” — assuming that items such as disposable coffee cup sand pizza boxes will be recycled if put in the recycling bin. In fact, pollution from those items or other non-recyclables can result in recyclable items that have been put in the correct bin going to landfill. David Heaton, a business director at Biffa, said: “Pollution happens when items are disposed of in the wrong bins or haven’t been cleaned before being recycled.”
Experts at Biffa analyzed the amounts of non-target and non-recyclable materials that entered UK material recycling facilities between 2016 and 2020. It was found that, in 2016, the average pollution rate of recycling waste was 13.4 percent, rising over four years to 17 percent by the end of 2020. This shows that, even as people are becoming more eco-conscious, wish-cycling is increasing both in households and businesses.
The Biffa experts say that one of the best ways to prevent pollution of recycling is to clean recyclable waste before putting it in the bin. They suggest cutting off the top of old pizza boxes and only recycling that part to avoid pollution from the grease (油脂). Check the on-packaging recycling label to check it can actually be recycled When it comes to plastics, Biffa recommends checking the resin code, the number in the plastic triangle, to know whether it should go in the recycling bin. In general, resin codes 1, 2, 4 and 5 are recyclable, while 3, 6 and 7 are not. Larger items, like electronics, furniture and batteries, can also be recycled but often can not go in household recycling bins as they need specialist separating. These will need to be taken to recycling centers or sustainable waste management companies.
“It’s vital as a nation that we get better at effective ‘pre-cycling’— sorting waste correctly before collection to reduce pollution rates,” added Mr. Heaton.
1. What’s the truth of “wish-cycling” according to the first paragraph?A.The desire to lead a sustainable life. |
B.The good intention to help recycling. |
C.The habit of throwing items that end up in landfills. |
D.The practice of recycling items that can not be recycled. |
A.People are becoming more eco-conscious. |
B.Wish-cycling is on the rise in recent years. |
C.Pollution happens less frequently in recycling facilities. |
D.People are used to cleaning recyclable waste before putting it in the bin. |
A.Dispose of electronics together with household waste. |
B.Skip the step of checking the on-packaging recycling label. |
C.Check the resin code of plastics to see whether it is recyclable or not. |
D.Cutoff the top of old pizza box and throw the rest to the recycling bin. |
A.Recycling: a Big Project | B.Wish-cycling: a New Trend |
C.Wish-cycling: a Growing Concern | D.Pre-cycling: an Effective Method |
Yoghurt
It was a rough week. The price of oil skyrocketed as the temperature dropped sharply in Maine. We were looking at a high of eight degrees that week, and I had missed three days of work so my paycheck was going to be lower than normal. I was stressed, to say the least. I shopped strategically, looking for every possible way to cut pennies so I could buy groceries and keep the house warm.
My eight-year-old son didn't understand when I told him we were struggling that week. He wanted a special kind of yoghurt, but I didn't have the extra three dollars to buy it for him. It was the kind of yoghurt with a cartoon kid riding a skateboard on the front of the box, and a mere two spoonfuls in each cup. It was the kind of product that wastes a parent's money and makes me hate advertising.
I felt guilty as a parent when those big eyes looked at me with confusion, as if to say, “It's just yoghurt. What's the big deal?” So I found a way. I put something back as single mothers often do. He got his yoghurt.
On the way driving back from the grocery store, I noticed a homeless man holding a sign by the side of the road. My heart hurt, and I tried not to look at him. I watched people stay away from him on the street and walk by without even meeting his eyes. My son didn't seem to care much, either. I looked at the man closely then — bare hands grasping a piece of cardboard, snot frozen to his face, a worn-out jacket. And there I was struggling because I had to buy oil and groceries. But I decided to help. I pulled over to the man and handed him a five-dollar bill.
Paragraph 1:Seeing this, my son became confused and surprised.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Paragraph 2:
On that day, my son performed an act that most adults wouldn’t have done.
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________5 . For decades, I was a hard drinker who could drink anyone under the table. This lasted from the age of 27 until after 50, a golden time during which I felt very sorry for ex-drinkers and people who couldn’t or wouldn’t drink. How did they make it through social situations, especially parties? What did they do at the end of a workday to celebrate and relax?
When I first tried to quit drinking myself in my early 50s, I wasn’t sure at first how it would work for me. But I did it anyway.
During these years, I didn’t love not drinking. But I had to admit that when I was off booze, I looked and felt better physically: I slept more deeply, had more energy, exercised more. My mind was clearer. My moods were brighter. Parties were hard, and so was cooking at the end of a day of writing without a glass of wine at my elbow.
I finally quit drinking for real almost four years ago, on 12 July 2019, when a writer friend stayed with my husband and me after his wife kicked him out. After my husband had gone upstairs to bed, my friend sat on our sofa drinking an entire bottle of gin, complaining about his fate, until he passed out next to our dog, whose bed that sofa was.
I’m not going to lie: being sober is not a hot-air balloon ride.
A.My body demanded it. |
B.My health started improving rapidly. |
C.It’s more like a hike in the mountains. |
D.How did they quit drinking? |
E.It was a wake-up call. |
F.But the pluses seemed to outweigh the minuses. |
G.How did they get through life? |
6 . The sun was shining brightly over our heads and sweat (汗水) was pouring off our backs and faces. We stood still without
It was
After this journey, we were more
Military training taught us perseverance (不懈) and determination. On the last day of our training, the confidence could be
A.crying | B.making | C.sending | D.telling |
A.nothing | B.anything | C.something | D.everything |
A.wasted | B.spent | C.kept | D.took |
A.strict | B.curious | C.interesting | D.normal |
A.success | B.pleasure | C.worry | D.wonder |
A.referred to | B.devoted to | C.turned to | D.listened to |
A.sunlight | B.wealth | C.desire | D.health |
A.received | B.helped | C.offered | D.happened |
A.concerned | B.determined | C.interested | D.surprised |
A.expected | B.expressed | C.disliked | D.rescued |
A.escaped | B.moved | C.rode | D.rushed |
A.larger | B.stronger | C.louder | D.lower |
A.seen | B.heard | C.smelt | D.touched |
A.thoughts | B.feelings | C.opinions | D.voices |
A.travelling | B.falling | C.setting | D.smiling |
7 . Some years ago, I was invited to give a keynote speech at a high-level meeting. It was a great chance for me. I was
When I sat in the back waiting for my
Nowadays, it seems as if people are
A.positive | B.disappointed | C.excited | D.sad |
A.Otherwise | B.Besides | C.Therefore | D.However |
A.feared | B.expected | C.decided | D.promised |
A.chance | B.turn | C.dream | D.choice |
A.in exchange | B.on purpose | C.by accident | D.for nothing |
A.regret | B.warmth | C.pride | D.relaxation |
A.practise | B.stop | C.imagine | D.consider |
A.polite | B.blind | C.helpful | D.known |
A.coming across | B.giving up | C.figuring out | D.putting down |
A.praise | B.benefit | C.guidance | D.challenge |
A.changing | B.making | C.improving | D.finding |
A.habit | B.rule | C.result | D.story |
A.true | B.easy | C.surprising | D.interesting |
A.struggles | B.changes | C.matters | D.increases |
A.trapped | B.controlled | C.connected | D.arranged |
Zibo, the origin of Shandong cuisine and the hometown of Qi culture, keeps its taste of thousands of years ago intact (完整的). If Shandong cuisine is the profound foundation of Zibo culture, the barbecue is an
Once the mutton skewers begin to sizzle on the barbecue, people gather around, eyeing the fat, juicy,
9 . How clever can a computer be? Maybe you can get the answer after reading the following passage about a newly-developed US computer program called Smarter Child.
If you ran into Smarter Child online, you would be surprised at this kid’s huge memory. It can remember many facts. For example, Smarter Child knows every baseball player in every team this season and the weather in every city across the US. He also knows every word in the dictionary. However, if you ask Smarter Child other private questions, you will get strange answers. A question about Smarter Child’s age returns, “I’ll be older than you after further study!”, and asking where he lives, you will get, “In a clean room in a high-tech building in California.”
Smarter Child uses the huge information on the World Wide Web as his memory bank. To answer questions about spelling, for example, Smarter Child goes to www.ahdictionary.com. For the weather, he visits www.intellicast.com. He turns to www.the-scientist.com for scientists and www.moviefone.com for a fantastic movie.
Some scientists believe that by joining many systems of the Internet, an Artificial Intelligence (AI) with the combined (结合的) knowledge of, say, Albert Einstein, Richard Nixon and Britney Spears could be born. However, Smarter Child has difficulty in discerning whether a behavior is right or wrong, which is obvious to any young child. If he wants to think and learn without any help from the programmers like boy-computer David in the movie Artificial Intelligence (AI), he must solve two problems.
The first is that computers find it difficult to read web pages because the files are sorted in different ways. That’s why programmers need to tell Smarter Child where to look for the weather. It would be a much more difficult task to let him find it by himself. Another problem is that while Smarter Child can deal with information more exactly and faster than any human, he needs programmers to make better systems that allow machines to solve problems of common sense, which is a huge challenge.
1. What may be unknown to Smarter Child?A.His age. | B.The weather in New York. |
C.A word in the dictionary. | D.A player’s name of the Boston Redsox. |
A.www.moviefone.com | B.www.intellicast.com |
C.www.the-scientist.com | D.www.ahdictionary.com |
A.Preventing. | B.Copying. | C.Inventing. | D.Telling. |
A.He has a huge memory. | B.He can think and learn independently. |
C.He can make a weather forecast. | D.He deals with information fast. |
10 . About15 years ago, Andrew McLindon, a business owner and passionate cyclist, was riding his bike in Austin, Texas, when he thought about a friend’s 12-year-old son. The boy had never known the joy of biking because he suffered from a brain condition that often caused balance disturbances.
When he got home, McLindon, now 60, went online and found a three-wheel recumbent (侧卧的) bike with a seat belt, perfect for a child with balance issues. Soon the boy was cycling around the street with his peers, having fun and getting exercise. But there was more, as McLindon learned from his friend’s reaction. “To see his son interacting with other kids,” McLindon says. “I’ll never forget the smile on his face.”
That smile launched the McLindon Family Foundation. Funded by donations, the group works with pediatric rehab (小儿康复) clinics to find children who can benefit from owning bike and to help craft each bike to the particular needs of the child. A bike may include a headrest, a shoulder band, a seat belt, and a caregiver’s steering and braking system in the back. The bikes are expensive — $3, 000 to $4, 000, and that’s with the foundation’s large discount. For kids lucky enough to get one, they’re a life changer.
“We worked with a 14-year-old who had a back problem,” says McLindon. She spent most days on the couch watching TV. Soon after she got her bike, she was training for special-needs triathlons (铁人三项). In a magazine interview, she said, “I always knew there was an athlete me.”
So far, the foundation has given away 450 bikes, and that’s just a start. “I do a lot of things. I run a lot of companies.” McLindon says. “But getting these kids their bikes most important thing that I do.”
1. What inspired Andrew McLindon to search for a special bike online?A.His enthusiasm for cycling. |
B.His ambition to start a new business. |
C.His goal to invent a new type of bike. |
D.His desire to help a boy with balance issues. |
A.To sponsor special-needs triathlons. |
B.To raise money for pediatric rehab clinics. |
C.To provide adaptive bikes for disabled children. |
D.To offer a social network to children with special needs. |
A.They can offer medical treatment. |
B.They can provide exercise and fun. |
C.They can relieve physical suffering. |
D.They can improve academic performance. |
A.It is a worthwhile effort. |
B.It is a temporary solution. |
C.It is financially rewarding. |
D.It is technically challenging. |