1 . 阅读下面短文，根据题目要求用英文回答问题。

Good Taste of Knowledge

The aim of education or culture is merely the development of good taste in knowledge and good form in conduct. The cultured man or the ideal educated man is not necessarily one who is well-read or learned, but one who likes and dislikes the right things. To know what to love and what to hate is to have taste in knowledge.

Nothing is more annoying than to meet a person at a party whose mind is crammed (填塞)full with historical dates and figures and who is extremely well-posted on current international affairs, but whose attitudes or points of view are all wrong. I have met such people. They do have great academic knowledge, but no good judgment or taste. Being knowledgeable is a mere matter of the cramming of facts or information while having good taste is a matter of artistic judgment. In speaking of a scholar, the Chinese generally distinguish between their scholarship, conduct and taste.

An educated man, therefore, is one who has the right loves and hatreds. This we call taste, and with taste comes charm. Now, to have taste requires a capacity for thinking things through to the bottom, the independence of judgment, and the unwillingness to be affected by any form of power.

When a man is wrong, he is wrong, and there is no need for one to be impressed by a great name or by the number of books that he has read and we haven’t.

Taste, then is closely associated with courage, as the Chinese always associated dan (胆) with shi(识). And courage or independence of judgment, as we know, is such a rare virtue among humankind. We see this intellectual courage or independence during the childhood of all thinkers and writers who in later life amount to anything. Such a person refuses to be impressed by a philosophic vogue or a fashionable theory, even though it is backed by the greatest name. This is taste in knowledge.

No doubt such intellectual courage or independence of judgment requires a certain childish, naive(单纯的) confidence in oneself, but this self is the only thing that one can cling to, and the moment a student gives up his right of personal judgment, he is in for accepting all the dishonest and insincere of life.

1. According to the author, what is the goal of education?
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2. Why is a well-read man not necessarily an educated one?
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3. Please decide which part is false in the following statement, then underline it and explain why.
➣ Intellectual courage or independence of judgment builds confidence in oneself.
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4. Please name one person with the qualities of dan and shi in Chinese history and explain what about this person makes you think so.(In about 40words)
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2 . Recently, environmentalists have encouraged us to buy local food. This reduces “food miles”, that is, the distance food travels to get from the producer to the seller. They reason that the higher the food miles, the more carbon emissions (碳排放). Buying local. food, therefore, has a lower carbon footprint and is more environmentally friendly.

However, the real story is not as simple as that. If our aim is to reduce carbon emissions, we must look at the whole farming process, not just transportation. According to a 2008 study, only 11% of carbon emissions in the food production process result from transportation, and only 4% came from the final delivery (运输) of the product from the producer to the seller.

In fact, imported food from other countries often has a lower carbon footprint than locally grown food. Take apples, for example. In autumn, when apples are harvested, the best thing for British people to do is to buy British apples. However, the apples we buy in winter or spring have been kept refrigerated for months, and this uses up a lot of energy. In spring, therefore, it is more energy-saving to import them from New Zealand, where they are in season. Heating also uses a lot of energy, which is why growing tomatoes in heated greenhouses in the UK is less environmentally friendly than importing them from Spain, where the tomatoes grow well in the local climate.

We must also take into consideration the type of transport. Transporting food by air creates about 50 times more emissions than shipping it. However, only a small number of goods are flown to foreign countries, and these are usually high value, perishable (易腐烂的) goods which we cannot produce locally, such as seafood and out-of-season berries. Even then, these foods may not have a higher carbon footprint than locally grown food. For example, beans flown in from Kenya are grown in sunny fields using human labour and natural fertilisers (肥料), unlike in Britain, where we use oil-based fertilisers and machinery. Therefore, the total carbon footprint is still lower.

It’s also worth remembering that a product’s journey does not end at the supermarket. The distance customers travel to buy their food, and the kind of transport they use will also add to its carbon footprint. So driving a long way to shop for food will wipe out any environmental benefits of buying locally grown produce.

Recently, some supermarkets have been trying to raise awareness of food miles by labelling (标记) foods with stickers that show it has been imported by air. But the message this gives is too simple. Lots of different factors contribute to a food’s carbon footprint besides the distance it has travelled.

1. What can we learn about “food miles”?

A．It influences how people deliver and transport food.

B．It will increase if people are encouraged to buy local food.

C．It is the key factor contributing to a food’s carbon emissions.

D．It shows how far the food goes from farmland to supermarkets.

2. The author will probably agree that ________.

A．transporting food by air is the most energy-saving type of shipping

B．storing local food creates more carbon emissions than importing food

C．human labour and natural fertilisers can increase the carbon footprint

D．growing out-of-season food takes less energy than importing food in season

3. What is the author’s attitude towards cutting food miles to reduce carbon emissions?

A．Supportive.

B．Confused.

C．Negative.

D．Doubtful.

3 . How old is “old”?

How old is “old”?     1     More than two hundred years ago, you were old at 35. That was the average life then. At the turn of the 20th century, as medical knowledge advanced, the average life span (长度) increased to 45. In 1950, 70-year-olds were really old. Today, a healthy 70-year-old is looking forward to many more active years.

So, how old is old? The answer is one you’ve heard many times, from all sorts of people. “You are as old or young as you feel!” The calendar (日历) simply tells you how many years you have lived.     2    

Once an unknown author wrote, “Youth is not a time of life but it is a state of mind. Nobody grows old by living a number of years.     3    ”

    4     Alice Brophy, when she was with the New York City commission for the Aging, said, “It upsets me when people say, ‘Gee, you look young for your age!’ What does that mean? Is there some model that you’re supposed to look a certain way at 65 and 75 and 85? You know you can die old at 30 and live young at 80.”

There are many wrong ideas about aging.     5     Here are some of the more common ones. For example, most older people are in poor health, or older people are unable to change.

A．Old is a point of view.

B．It’s extremely terrible to be grown old.

C．The answer has changed over the years.

D．Your body tells you how well you’ve lived.

E．Older people are stubborn, unable to change.

F．People grow old by giving up their goals.

G．These ideas stereotype (固化) people on the basis of age.

5 . Healthy See, Healthy Do

Visit the grocery store on an empty stomach, and you will probably come home with a few things you did not plan to buy. But hunger is not the only cause of additional purchases. The location of store displays (摆放) also influences our shopping choices.    1    

The checkout area is a particular hotspot for junk food. Studies have found that the products most commonly found there are sugary and salty snacks.    2     A 2012 study in the Netherlands found that hospital workers were more likely to give up junk food for healthy snacks when the latter were more readily available on canteen shelves, for example. In 2014 Norwegian and Icelandic researchers also found that replacing unhealthy foods with healthy ones in the checkout area significantly increased last-minute sales of healthier foods.

    3     It has been working with more than 1,000 store owners to encourage them to order and promote nutritious foods. “We know that the stores are full of cues (暗示) meant to encourage consumption,” says Tamar Adjoian, a research scientist at the department, “Making healthy foods more convenient or appealing can lead to increased sales of those products.”

Adjoian and her colleagues wondered if such findings would apply to their city’s crowded urban checkout areas, so they selected three Bronx supermarkets for their own study.     4     Then they recorded purchases over six three-hour periods in each store for two weeks.

Of the more than 2,100 shoppers they observed, just 4 percent bought anything from the checkout area. Among those who did, however, customers in the healthy lines purchased nutritious foods more than twice as often as those in the standard lines.    5     The findings were reported in September in the Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior.

The potential influence may seem small, but Adjoian believes that changing more checkout lines would open customers’ eyes to nutritious, lower-calorie foods. Health department officials are now exploring ways to expand healthy options at checkout counters throughout New York City.

A．These foods give people more energy.

B．They bought unhealthy foods 40 percent less often.

C．And it may make or break some healthy eating habits.

D．The supermarkets began to offer nutritious, lower-calorie foods.

E．These findings caught the attention of New York City Department of Health.

F．They replaced candies and cookies with fruits and nuts near the checkout counter.

G．And a few studies have suggested that simply swapping in healthier options can change customer behavior.

6 . I was enjoying my dessert and talking to my American friend Janice at the table when I noticed people _____ at me.

A．to stare

B．stared

C．staring

D．being stared