1 . 听下面一段独白，回答以下小题。
1. How many parcels are expected to be delivered this year?

A．30.8 billion.

B．83 billion.

C．95.5 billion.

2. What will be done to encourage greener packaging?

A．2,000 boxes recycle stations will be built.

B．All packages will be wrapped only once.

C．New energy vehicles will be used to deliver packages.

3. What is on the list?

A．The locations of recycle stations.

B．The wrapping products.

C．The types of new energy vehicles.

2 . 使用恰当的过渡衔接词连句成篇
1. 得知你对中国古代建筑很感兴趣我很高兴。我热切地向你推荐颐和园。
2. 颐和园位于北京西北部，被誉为古代最好的皇家园林之一。
3. 早在18世纪，它就曾是属于帝王们的避暑胜地。
4. 颐和园由数百座引人注目的建筑和大厅组成。因此颐和园总是挤满游客。
5. 如果留心去观察，隐藏在建筑中的中国智慧会令你叹为观止。你可以更好地了解中国历史。
6. 我保证迷人的风景会让你大饱眼福。
Dear Eric,
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Yours,

Li Hua

4 . “Assume you are wrong.” The advice came from Brian Nosek, a psychology professor, who was offering a strategy for pursuing better science.

To understand the context for Nosek’s advice, we need to take a step back to the nature of science itself. You see despite what many of us learned in elementary school, there is no single scientific method. Just as scientific theories become elaborated and change, so do scientific methods.

But methodological reform hasn’t come without some fretting and friction. Nasty things have been said by and about methodological reformers. Few people like having the value of their life’s work called into question. On the other side, few people are good at voicing criticisms in kind and constructive ways. So, part of the challenge is figuring out how to bake critical self-reflection into the culture of science itself, so it unfolds as a welcome and integrated part of the process, and not an embarrassing sideshow.

What Nosek recommended was a strategy for changing the way we offer and respond to critique. Assuming you are right might be a motivating force, sustaining the enormous effort that conducting scientific work requires. But it also makes it easy to interpret criticisms as personal attacks. Beginning, instead, from the assumption you are wrong, a criticism is easier to interpret as a constructive suggestion for how to be less wrong — a goal that your critic presumably shares.

One worry about this approach is that it could be demoralizing for scientists. Striving to be less wrong might be a less effective motivation than the promise of being right. Another concern is that a strategy that works well within science could backfire when it comes to communicating science with the public. Without an appreciation for how science works, it’s easy to take uncertainty or disagreements as marks against science, when in fact they reflect some of the very features of science that make it our best approach to reaching reliable conclusions about the world. Science is reliable because it responds to evidence: as the quantity and quality of our evidence improves, our theories can and should change, too.

Despite these worries, I like Nosek’s suggestion because it builds in cognitive humility along with a sense that we can do better. It also builds in a sense of community — we’re all in the same boat when it comes to falling short of getting things right.

Unfortunately, this still leaves us with an untested hypothesis (假说): that assuming one is wrong can change community norms for the better, and ultimately support better science and even, perhaps, better decisions in life. I don’t know if that’s true. In fact, I should probably assume that it’s wrong. But with the benefit of the scientific community and our best methodological tools, I hope we can get it less wrong, together.

1. What can we learn from Paragraph 3?

A．Reformers tend to devalue researchers’ work.

B．Scientists are unwilling to express kind criticisms.

C．People hold wrong assumptions about the culture of science.

D．The scientific community should practice critical self-reflection.

2. The strategy of “assuming you are wrong” may contribute to ______.

A．the enormous efforts of scientists at work	B．the reliability of potential research results
C．the public’s passion for scientific findings	D．the improvement in the quality of evidence

3. The underlined word “demoralizing” in Paragraph 5 means ______.

A．discouraging

B．ineffective

C．unfair

D．misleading

4. The tone the author uses in talking about the untested hypothesis is ______.

A．doubtful but sincere	B．disapproving but soft
C．authoritative and direct	D．reflective and humorous

5 . Heads or Tails?

Careful: It’s not 50-50

The phrase “coin toss” is a classic synonym for randomness. But since the 18th century, mathematicians have _________ that even fair coins tend to land on one side slightly more often than the other. Proving this tiny bias, _________, would require hundreds of thousands of carefully recorded coin flips, making laboratory tests a logistical (后勤的，组织协调的) _________.

František Bartoš, currently a Ph.D. candidate studying the research methods of psychology at the University of Amsterdam, became interested in this _________ four years ago. He couldn’t _________ enough volunteers to investigate it at first. But after he began his Ph.D. studies, he tried again, recruiting 47 volunteers from six countries. Multiple weekends of coin flipping later, including one 12-hour marathon _________, the team performed 350,757 tosses, breaking the previous record of 40,000.

With one side initially upward, the flipped coin landed with the same side facing _________ as before the toss 50.8 percent of the time. The large number of throws allows _________ to conclude that the nearly 1 percent bias isn’t a fluke (侥幸). “We can be quite sure there is a bias in coin flips after this data set,” Bartoš says.

The leading theory explaining the _________ advantage comes from a 2007 physics study by Stanford University statisticians, whose calculations predicted a same-side bias of 51 percent. From the moment a coin is launched into the air, its entire track — including whether it lands on heads or tails — can be calculated by the laws of __________. The researchers determined that airborne coins don’t turn around their symmetrical axis (对称轴); __________, they tend to move off-center, which causes them to spend a little more time high in the air with their initial “up” side on top.

For day-to-day decisions, coin tosses are as good as random because a 1 percent bias isn’t __________ with just a few coin flips, says statistician Ameli, who wasn’t involved in the new research. Still, the study’s conclusions should eliminate any lasting doubt regarding the coin flip’s slight bias. “This is great experiment-based evidence __________ the bias,” she says.

It isn’t difficult to prevent this bias from influencing your coin-toss matches; simply __________ the coin’s starting position before flipping it should do the trick. But if your friends are __________ the tiny bias, you may as well benefit from your slight advantage. After all, 51 percent odds beat a casino’s house advantage. “If you asked me to bet on a coin,” Bartoš says, “why wouldn’t I give myself a 1 percent bias?”

1.

A．confirmed

B．denied

C．recorded

D．suspected

2.

A．therefore

B．however

C．for example

D．vice versa

3.

A．nightmare

B．context

C．intervention

D．delay

4.

A．coinage

B．discipline

C．challenge

D．phrase

5.

A．cooperate with

B．round up

C．shrug aside

D．count on

6.

A．analysis

B．race

C．interview

D．session

7.

A．upward

B．evenly

C．downward

D．uniformly

8.

A．volunteers

B．gamblers

C．psychologists

D．statisticians

9.

A．accidental

B．dominant

C．subtle

D．prejudiced

10.

A．mechanics

B．relativity

C．geometry

D．chemistry

11.

A．moreover

B．instead

C．likewise

D．initially

12.

A．insignificant

B．accessible

C．inclusive

D．perceptible

13.

A．reversing

B．integrating with

C．backing up

D．rejecting

14.

A．concealing

B．shifting

C．perceiving

D．anchoring

15.

A．favourable to

B．opposed to

C．unaware of

D．suspicious of

6 . 使用恰当的过渡衔接词连句成篇
①由于人类活动，许多濒临灭绝的野生动物正面临着灭绝的危险。
②为使它们有一个安全的栖息地，应采取以下措施。
③应制定污染标准以减少空气中的毒物。
④为了与自然和谐相处，国家公园应该被视为野生动物的保护区。
⑤只有为保护野生动物做出贡献，我们才能与自然共存。(倒装句)
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7 . 阅读下面材料，根据其内容和所给段落开头语续写两段，使之构成一篇完整的短文。

Harry’s reward

Harry didn’t want to learn to swim. He couldn’t figure out what the use of learning to swim was. But Harry’s parents believed it was a great pity for a healthy boy to be afraid of the wind and the sea.

“Everybody, especially every Englishman and boy, should know how to swim,” Papa had said. “There is never any knowing the use it may be of.”

“Isn’t it very hard to learn?” Harry asked.

“It takes some patience,” his father said. “But in three weeks or so, you should be able to swim fairly well, if you have a lesson every day.”

There was no escaping it, however. Papa, though very kind, was very firm, and once he said a thing, it had to be done. So with a rather white face, poor Harry set off every day for his swimming lesson. He was a quick and clever boy, and a strong boy, and his father knew this. After the initial fear was overcome, it went on better and faster than could have been expected. Two weeks later, Harry had the pleasure of hearing his father say to his mother, “He swims already very nearly as well as I do myself.”

Seacliff, the place at which the family was spending the summer, was not a fashionable watering place but a little village. There were a few gentlemen’s houses in the neighborhood, so that in fine weather merry groups met at the little sheltered bay among the rocks.

One day, Harry, having finished his own morning swim, set off to walk home at his ease. Suddenly a sound disturbed his pleasant thoughts. A carriage was rushing wildly along, coming nearer and nearer. The driver, Ann, stood upright in the carriage (马车), hitting the poor horse as if she were mad, while from time to time she screamed, “Help, help!”

“What is it?” screamed Harry too, as Ann passed. She would not stop, but she threw back some words through the wind. “My sister—Alice—is drowning (淹溺). Go to the village to fetch someone who can swim.”

注意：1. 续写词数应为150左右;
2. 请按如下格式在相应位置作答。

Harry ran back to the bathing place at once.

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There were plenty of hands to help carry them to land once they were within a safe distance; however, it was Harry who was the true hero.

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8 . 阅读下面材料, 根据其内容和所给段落开头语续写两段, 使之构成一篇完整的短文。

Cedar Point was an amusement park in Ohio I had been expecting to visit as a child. We lived close to the park, so I often heard the screams of people on the roller coaster, saw the tired kids with their parents when they left. Sometimes, I looked wistfully at the lights through my window at night.

When I was nine, my grandmother managed to save a little bit of money here and there and took me there one day that summer. I yelled, excitement bubbling inside me. As we arrived at the park for the first time, kids were everywhere, eating popcorn (爆米花) and blowing bubbles. My eyes widened in delight at the scene. I wanted to do all those things, but deep down, I knew we didn’t have enough money. We could only afford to buy a ticket only for one ride for fifteen minutes. I pulled my grandmother toward the ticket window to buy a ticket for the carousel (旋转木马).

It was exactly as I had imagined, straight out of a movie. My grandmother smiled fondly and leaned down, giving the ticket to the ride operator, Mr Salas. Letting go, I rushed to the ride, stopping only to pick which horse to sit on. They were all so beautiful, coming in different colors with’ different expressions ‘on their plastic faces. To me, it felt like the decision of a lifetime.

“Come on, sweetie! The ride is going to start!” my grandmother called out, laughing at my indecision. Seeing that, Mr Salas also smiled warmly. Finally, I picked the horse with the pink hair and blue saddle. In the following minutes, I was absorbed in enjoying the ride, forgetting my family was struggling. My grandmother waved each time the ride passed her by. Mr Salas watched me from a distance.

Sadly, the carousel ride ended much too quickly. My grandmother was waiting and took my hand. I got down from the horse unwillingly, feeling bittersweet.

注意:
1. 续写词数应为150 左右;
2. 请按如下格式在答题卡的相应位置作答。
At that moment, Mr Salas approached us with a warm smile on his face.
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After a while, Mr Salas returned, with an all-inclusive ticket for Cedar Point for the entire day.
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