Even Very Young Children Can Be Depressed
If you doubted it, I would introduce you to Susan, who came to my office and talked constantly about her “bad feeling”. Susan
Susan was six years old and
The risk for depression does tend to increase as we grow older. Depression in young children is rare but real. Rene Spitz, a
Approximately 1% of preschoolers experience depression; they often have great difficulty expressing their feelings, because not all of their language skills
Although a diagnosis of clinical depression is rare in preschool children, there are times when it is appropriate. In most cases, the child who
2 . ①A group of 41 states and the District of Columbia began a legal case against Meta, the parent company of Facebook, Instagram, WhatsApp and Messenger, insisting that the company knowingly used features on its platforms to cause children to overuse them. The accusations in the lawsuit raise a deeper question about behavior: Are young people becoming addicted to social media and the internet? Here’s what the research has found.
②David Greenfield, a psychologist and founder of the Center for Internet and Technology Addiction in West Hartford, Conn, said the devices tempt users with some powerful approaches. One is “intermittent reinforcement,” which creates the idea that a user could get a reward at any time. But when the reward comes is unpredictable. Adults are easily influenced, be noted, but young people are particularly at risk, because the brain regions that are involved in resisting temptation and reward are not nearly as developed in children and teenagers as in adults. Moreover, the adolescent brain is especially accustomed to social connections, and social media is all a perfect opportunity to connect with other people.
③For many years, the scientific community typically defined addiction in relation to substances, such as drugs, and not behaviors, such as gambling or internet use. That has gradually changed. In 2013, the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, the official reference for mental health conditions, introduced the idea of internet gaming addiction.
④A subsequent study explored broadening the definition to “internet addiction.” The author suggested further exploring diagnostic criteria and the language, for instance, noting that terms like “problematic use” and even the word “internet” were open to broad interpretation, given the many forms the information and its delivery can take.
⑤Dr. Michael Rich, the director of the Digital Wellness Lab at Boston Children’s Hospital, said he discouraged the use of the word “addiction” because the internet, if used effectively and with limits, was not merely useful but also essential to everyday life.
⑥Greenfield agreed that there clearly are valuable uses for the internet and that the definition of how much is too much can vary. But he said there also were obvious cases where immoderate use disturbs school, sleep and other vital aspects of a healthy life. “Too many young consumers can’t put it down, ” he said.“ The internet, including social media like Meta, are the drugs affecting the mind.”
1. What was Meta accused of?A.It added problematic features to its platform. |
B.It started a discussion to mislead young people. |
C.It tempted children to use social media too much. |
D.It conducted illegal research on its parent company. |
A.their under-developed brain |
B.the random pattern of rewards |
C.their desire to be socially connected |
D.the possibility of escaping from reality |
A.Addiction is something about behaviors instead of substances. |
B.The online language can be interpreted from a broad perspective. |
C.Current diagnostic criteria of “internet addiction” isn’t satisfactory. |
D.There should be an agreement on the definition of the word “internet”. |
A.proper use of the internet does good to children |
B.the internet is to blame for disturbing healthy life |
C.there are cases against immoderate use of the internet |
D.the word “addiction” is improperly used on the internet |
3 . History has not yet
Whatever we
Historian Neil Howe sees
A.remarked | B.convinced | C.guaranteed | D.revealed |
A.numbers | B.houses | C.accommodates | D.contains |
A.peers | B.adolescents | C.folks | D.guys |
A.over | B.without | C.besides | D.beyond |
A.diagnosed | B.dismissed | C.labeled | D.coined |
A.end up | B.consider about | C.appeal for | D.approve of |
A.distribution force | B.purchasing power | C.global view | D.unique outlooks |
A.vivid | B.instructive | C.instant | D.profitable |
A.feed up with | B.put up with | C.make up for | D.identify with |
A.faking | B.revising | C.illustrating | D.maintaining |
A.supervising | B.forming | C.representing | D.promoting |
A.parallels | B.contrasts | C.comparisons | D.reservations |
A.because | B.although | C.while | D.when |
A.emphasis | B.generation | C.intensity | D.cultivation |
A.routes | B.schemes | C.names | D.definitions |
6 . With so many investments required of us to succeed, it’s easy to overlook the most difficult investment of all to commit to: ourselves.
Getting to the point where you’re ready to start
You’ve been working in your life, not on it.
Activity is often
Things aren’t happening to you, they’re happening for you.
A victim mentality (心态) is the enemy of personal growth.
If you don’t broaden your horizons, you won’t narrow your inhibitions (拘束).
We consistently
The perfect time to start doesn’t exist.
I had so many things that had to be just right before I could make my long-planned leap from corporate. I’d tell myself, “I’d love to go for it right now, but
It’s time to
Grow where you want to grow. Learn what you want to learn. Wherever you are on the scale of what you want to learn next — be it beginner or near-expert — own it, be proud of it. Pretenses are for pre tenders. You’re just trying to become a better
A.appealing | B.upgrading | C.applying | D.contributing |
A.admissions | B.corrections | C.adaptations | D.conversions |
A.connected | B.charged | C.compared | D.confused |
A.interested | B.lost | C.experienced | D.involved |
A.appreciating | B.removing | C.restructuring | D.diversifying |
A.Taking down | B.Reflecting on | C.Keeping back | D.Complaining about |
A.setbacks | B.achievements | C.responsibilities | D.memories |
A.burden | B.dismiss | C.fuel | D.guide |
A.underline | B.neglect | C.suffer | D.overestimate |
A.For example | B.In fact | C.On the contrary | D.In particular |
A.decisive | B.smart | C.unknown | D.indefinite |
A.practically | B.technically | C.frankly | D.generally |
A.putting up | B.cutting off | C.holding back | D.melting away |
A.unfold | B.evaluate | C.consult | D.unplug |
A.part | B.expert | C.version | D.pretender |
A. untouched | B. preparation | C. disproportionately | D. outlook | E. committed | F. shake |
G. redirect | H. target | I. reduced | J. expose | K. typically |
Over the past few weeks, many people around the world joined me in celebrating my career firsts — from winning my first Golden Globe to earning my first Oscar. While I am grateful for this unforgettable moment in my professional life, I want to
My life changed eight years ago when one moment shook my
It was April 25, 2015, and I was visiting local organizations. Suddenly, a deadly earthquake hit the country. I have never felt the type of fear and panic I felt that day, when the ground beneath shook so powerfully that I was not able to stand on my own feet.
I was fortunate to make through that day uninjured, but not
Crises are not just moments of disaster: They
To fully recover from a disaster and be prepared for the next one, the specific needs of women and girls must be factored into the humanitarian response.
This year we are halfway toward the 2030
8 . Directions: After reading the passage below, fill in the blanks to make the passage coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank.
The Mystery is No Mystery
The area of ocean between Florida, Puerto Rico, and Bermuda, known as the Bermuda Triangle, is the source of much mystery. Over the centuries, reports of ships and planes disappearing
The Bermuda Triangle covers a vast 700,000 square-kilometer swathe of ocean. Close to the equator(赤道)and near the United States, it is a particularly busy patch of sea with heavy traffic. According to Lloyd’s of London and the U. S. Coast Guard,
These days, new theories are being put forward, with a bit of scientific truth to them. Some have attributed Bermuda Triangle disappearances to explosive releases of methane (甲烷) gas,
The only problem with this theory is that scientists won’t be able to tell with much certainty if this is a factor
9 . Heads or Tails?
Careful: It’s not 50-50
The phrase “coin toss” is a classic synonym for randomness. But since the 18th century, mathematicians have
František Bartoš, currently a Ph.D. candidate studying the research methods of psychology at the University of Amsterdam, became interested in this
With one side initially upward, the flipped coin landed with the same side facing
The leading theory explaining the
For day-to-day decisions, coin tosses are as good as random because a 1 percent bias isn’t
It isn’t difficult to prevent this bias from influencing your coin-toss matches; simply
A.confirmed | B.denied | C.recorded | D.suspected |
A.therefore | B.however | C.for example | D.vice versa |
A.nightmare | B.context | C.intervention | D.delay |
A.coinage | B.discipline | C.challenge | D.phrase |
A.cooperate with | B.round up | C.shrug aside | D.count on |
A.analysis | B.race | C.interview | D.session |
A.upward | B.evenly | C.downward | D.uniformly |
A.volunteers | B.gamblers | C.psychologists | D.statisticians |
A.accidental | B.dominant | C.subtle | D.prejudiced |
A.mechanics | B.relativity | C.geometry | D.chemistry |
A.moreover | B.instead | C.likewise | D.initially |
A.insignificant | B.accessible | C.inclusive | D.perceptible |
A.reversing | B.integrating with | C.backing up | D.rejecting |
A.concealing | B.shifting | C.perceiving | D.anchoring |
A.favourable to | B.opposed to | C.unaware of | D.suspicious of |
10 . “Blame My Brain” by Nicola Morgan, reviewed by Rosalie Warren
As someone who constantly blames my brain for all sorts of things (not my fault — my brain did it!), I was
The subtitle is “The amazing teenage brain revealed” and amazing is, I soon
There are also brain-based explanations of why teenagers need so much sleep, why they don’t tidy their rooms, why they come
Nicola Morgan is not a neurologist or a
There’s plenty of humour and a good few well-deserved digs at the stupidity of parents and other well-meaning but misguided adults, which teenagers will
The illustrations by Andy Baker are great, too. And oh yes — there’s some interesting discussion on the differences between girls’ brains and boys’, if there are any. You’ll have to read it to find out...
1.A.attracted | B.interested | C.invested | D.introduced |
A.intended to | B.aimed at | C.targeted by | D.appealed to |
A.defended | B.dismissed | C.discovered | D.differed |
A.happens | B.projects | C.evolves | D.limits |
A.surprisingly | B.immediately | C.unfortunately | D.regularly |
A.expressing | B.explaining | C.declaring | D.exposing |
A.living | B.lively | C.alive | D.alone |
A.sympathetic | B.pessimistic | C.positive | D.negative |
A.laborious | B.humorous | C.productive | D.professional |
A.consulted | B.conducted | C.converted | D.suggested |
A.complicated | B.simplified | C.contrary | D.demanding |
A.denounce | B.distinguish | C.determine | D.depend |
A.appreciate | B.hate | C.respect | D.reflect |
A.confuse | B.combine | C.unite | D.associate |
A.mind | B.physical | C.mental | D.emotional |