3 . Bringing Mosquitoes Under Control
Every year, hundreds of thousands of people die of mosquito-borne diseases like malaria and dengue fever. Drug treatments are ________, and, despite decades of effort, vaccines have, for many of these diseases, proven to be difficult to develop.
It is better, then, to stop these infections happening in the first place by ________ doing away with the mosquitoes that carry the diseases. CRISPR-Cas9, a new and powerful genetic-engineering process, could help to do just that.
Craig Montell, of the University of California, and his colleagues have used CRISPR to ________ an existing control method called the sterile insect technique (SIT), which involves releasing lots of sterilized (绝育的) males into the wild. Females that mate with these males produce no young. ________ releases can reduce populations dramatically. SIT has been used in North America to eliminate screwworm flies, an agricultural pest.
SIT has been tried on mosquitoes, too, but with less ________. One reason seems to be the side-effects of the procedure. To sterilize them, males are exposed to poisonous chemicals. This works, but it damages them in other ways, too. The result can be sickly individuals that ________ to compete in the mating game with wild mosquitoes.
Montell and his colleagues hoped that CRISPR might offer a(n) ________. Their first step was to look for genes which affect fertility (可繁殖性) in mosquitoes. They began their hunt in fruit flies and ended up focusing on a gene that, when ________, made male fruit flies sterile. The gene was present in a similar form in their target mosquito species, Aedes aegypti, which passes on, among other illnesses, yellow fever, dengue and the Zika virus. Disabling the ________ gene in male Aedes likewise left them infertile. ________, the genetic changes involved did not appear to affect the engineered mosquitoes in any other way. On every measure of ________, they performed as well as wild mosquitoes.
________ the details are not fully understood, once female mosquitoes have mated a few times, they become unwilling to do so again. Mating with an infertile male is, therefore, not only fruitless in itself, but should also leave a female less interested in ________ males.
There is more work to be done before field trials, but having established the ________, Montell is excited to see where the work might lead. That the engineered males leave no young means that there are fewer worries surrounding any ________ consequences which might arise from the release of millions of genetically edited creatures into the environment. And that the target gene is found in both fruit flies and Aedes suggests it is likely to exist in other disease-carrying mosquitoes, too.
1. A.available | B.imperfect | C.necessary | D.painful |
2. A.completely | B.instantly | C.simply | D.suddenly |
3. A.enhance | B.establish | C.identify | D.test |
4. A.Delayed | B.Limited | C.Planned | D.Repeated |
5. A.complexity | B.frequency | C.risk | D.success |
6. A.choose | B.continue | C.learn | D.struggle |
7. A.alternative | B.combination | C.explanation | D.guarantee |
8. A.inserted | B.removed | C.signaled | D.updated |
9. A.abnormal | B.altered | C.equivalent | D.original |
10. A.Crucially | B.Evidently | C.Inevitably | D.Shockingly |
11. A.healthiness | B.matureness | C.productivity | D.safety |
12. A.Although | B.As if | C.Because | D.If only |
13. A.uncivilized | B.unengineered | C.unprepared | D.unrecovered |
14. A.environment | B.principle | C.rule | D.standard |
15. A.direct | B.lasting | C.social | D.unintended |