5 . Pollution

Pollution happens when the environment is dirtied, by waste, chemicals, and other harmful substances(物质).Pollution is a problem all over the world. But it is especially bad in large cities with a lot of industries and cars.    1    

Wildfires, volcanoes, and industrial chemicals cause some air pollution. But most air pollution comes from burning fossil fuels (矿物燃料）These include coal, oil and natural gas. The burning of fossil fuels may release harmful gases. Air pollution may cause such diseases cancer and asthma. It also leads to polluted rain that can harm living things    2     Finally, air pollution damages the ozone layer(臭氧层)which is important because it protects Earth against harmful rays from the sun.

Causes of water pollution are easy to see. People dump(倾倒) garbage and dirty water into river, lakes and oceans. Factories or cities sometimes release poisonous chemicals, and other wastes into water. These chemicals may make the groundwater unfit to drink.    3    

Littering, or throwing garbage on the ground, is a form of land pollution. Litter can destroy the habitats of plants and animals. The buildup of dangerous chemicals in the ground is another form of land pollution. The chemicals may come from farms or factories.    4     They may even harm people who eat the polluted plants and animals.

Many governments, environmental groups, and ordinary people are working to control pollution. Governments have passed laws to keep people from releasing dangerous chemicals into the environment     5     Instead they are getting power from the sun, wind, water, and other energy sources to produce less pollution. Many communities use recycling to reduce pollution.

A．Farmers use chemical to help crops grow.

B．This type of pollution may be seen in big cities.

C．They also can harm fish and other forms of life.

D．These chemicals can spread to plants and animals.

E．In addition, air pollution may be a cause of global warming.

F．There are three main forms of pollution: air, water, and land.

G．Some companies and people are trying to use fewer fossil fuels.

6 . Behind every great product is a great team. Teamwork in the workplace offers the staff the opportunity to become more familiar with each other and learn how to work together.     1    . There are several ways in which teamwork is important to the success of the company and to the development of each employee.

Efficiency (效率)

Work teams develop systems that allow them to complete tasks efficiently.     2    , the team’s work pace makes sure that the task is completed quickly and accurately. This allows the company to take on more work and also lets the company increase more income without having to add more staff. This becomes helpful when efficient teams from different departments work together.

Support    3       And a strong team environment can act as a support system for staff member. Work group members can help each other improve performance and work together toward improving professional development. Team members come to rely on each other and trust each other.     4    , these bonds can be important.

Ideas

Teams in the workplace often met to discuss how to deal with company problems. When a team works well together, it allows staff members to feel more comfortable in offering suggestions. Team members become accustomed to processing brainstorming information.

    5    .

A．There are challenges each day in any workplace

B．When the team faces a particularly hard challenge

C．We all know teamwork helps companies earn more money

D．When a task is handed to a well-trained and efficient team

E．It is also the fuel that allows employees and companies to have success

F．The company surely benefits from various suggestions given by efficient teams

G．One of the main benefits of a strong team environment is to share ideas with each other

7 . Have you ever wondered how the trainers at Sea World get the 19,000-pound whale to jump 22 feet out of water and perform tricks? They get that whale to go over a rope farther out of the water than most of us can imagine.     1    .

So how do the trainers at Sea World do it? The first thing they do is reinforce(强化) the behavior that they want repeated --- in this case, to get the whale to go over the rope.    2    , in a position where the whale can’t help but do what’s expected of it. Every time the whale goes over the rope, it’s given positive reinforcement and gets fed with fish. But what happened when the whale goes under the rope? Nothing — no criticism, no warning and no feedback.     3    .

Positive reinforcement is the key of that simple principle that produces such splendid results. And as the whale begins to go over the rope more often than under, the trainers begin to raise the rope. It must be raised slowly enough so that the whale doesn’t starve.

    4    . Make a big deal out of the good and little stuff that we want consistently. Secondly, under-criticize. People know they need help when they mess up.     5    , people will not forget the event and usually will not repeat it.

So we need to set up the circumstances so that people can’t fail. Over-celebrate, under-criticize…and know how far to raise the rope.

A．This is a great challenge

B．And the whale stays right where it is

C．If we figure out a way to motivate the whale

D．They start with the rope below the surface of the water

E．If we under-criticize, punish and discipline less than expected

F．Whales are taught that their negative behavior won’t be acknowledged

G．The simple lesson to be learned from the whale trainers is to over-celebrate

8 . Castles(城堡)and temples wear away after hundreds of years, but the symbols and E-books came from the development of words on the stone often survive.    1     science and technology, and can be read online. Many people believe that regular books will be one day replaced by e-books.

Books and e-books share lots of similarities. They are both items created by great minds,    2     You can draw lines or highlight some details on books or e-books as notes. The notes can be kept for a long time.

    3    Firstly, books don’t have to be charged, while e-books need electricity if we want to read them. Meanwhile, spending too much time reading e-books may do harm to our eyes. Moreover, e-books don't share the same weight when held in the hand as regular books, nor do they give that sense of fulfillment that comes from finishing a thick book. However，e-book devices(设备)are easy to carry.    4    

A disadvantage of e-book devices is that people tend to get distracted(分心)when they’re using one, as many devices often have apps or games on them.    5    

Whichever you prefer, both books and e-books are just a way to help us gain knowledge and get to know other people 's experiences. They are both necessary, so it's too early to say one will disappear.

A．But they have diferences as well

B．They take less space than books

C．Indeed our lives are formed by what books we read

D．This is similar to how the words in books manage to live on

E．They all have an index to introduce the main topic of each book

F．But with a regular book, your mind is always absorbed in the words

G．Each individual can decide which reading method is best for them based on their own needs

9 . Global Positioning System (GPS) is now a part of everyday driving in many countries. It is a space-based system that provides position and time information in all weather conditions. GPS can help people get to where they want to go.    1    When this happens, the driver is often to blame. Sometimes a GPS error is responsible. Most often, it is a combination of the two.

    2    Barry Brown, a GPS technologist, took an incident as an example. His friend once flew to an airport in the eastern United States. There he borrowed a GPS-equipped car to use. He wrongly plugged in the home address in the west. It wasn't until he was driving for thirty minutes that he realized it. Mr. Brown says this is a common human error. But he says, “One problem is that GPS has a very small screen and it can just tell you the next turn.    3    ”

“The Normal and Natural Troubles of Driving with GPS” lists several areas where GPS can cause difficulties. They include maps that are outdated, incorrect or difficult to understand.     4    GPS may fail due to these reasons and then lead to confusion for the drivers.

Although GPS sometimes causes difficulties when people are driving, the most attractive point of this system is its 100% coverage on the planet. It is important for you to have to know what you are doing when you use GPS. You need to have the “ability” to be able to use GPS because it sometimes goes wrong.    5    

A．There are quite a few situations showing the problems of using GPS.

B．That means that it is not really telling you about going to the wrong place.

C．This space-based system is an important tool for civil and commercial users.

D．But sometimes it sends you to the wrong place or leaves you completely lost.

E．They also contain timing problems related to when GPS commands are given.

F．Advances in technology play an active role in modernizing GPS in many ways.

G．To make GPS well used, you need a good understanding of how drivers and GPS work.

10 . Every animal sleeps, but the reason for this has remained foggy. When lab rats are not allowed to sleep, they die within a month.     1    

One idea is that sleep helps us strengthen new memories.     2     We   know that, while awake, fresh memories are recorded by reinforcing (加强) connections between brain cells, but the memory processes that take place while we sleep have been unclear.
Support is growing for a theory that sleep evolved so that connections between neurons(神经元) in the brain can be weakened overnight, making room for fresh memories to form the next day.       3    

Now we have the most direct evidence yet that he is right.     4    The synapses in the mice taken at the end of a period of sleep were 18 per cent smaller than those taken before sleep, showing that the connections between neurons weaken while sleeping.

If Tononi’s theory is right, it would explain why, when we miss a night’s, we find it harder the next day to concentrate and learn new information — our brains may have smaller room for new experiences.

Their research also suggests how we may build lasting memories over time even though the synapses become thinner. The team discovered that some synapses seem to be protected and stayed the same size.     5     “You keep what matters,” Tononi says.

A．We should also try to sleep well the night before.

B．It’s as if the brain is preserving its most important memories.

C．Similarly, when people go for a few days without sleeping, they get sick.

D．The processes take place to stop our brains becoming loaded with memories.

E．That’s why students do better in tests if they get a chance to sleep after learning.

F．“Sleep is the price we pay for learning,” says Giulio Tononi, who developed the idea.

G．Tononi’s team measured the size of these connections, or synapses, in the brains of 12 mice.