1 . Here were the simple instructions given by a Harvard University assistant professor to people participating in a recent science study: “Imagine the following scene. Visualize it in your mind’s eye, as vividly as you can: a person walks into a room and knocks a ball off a table.”

The professor, Tomer Ulman, then asked those in the study about their mental images: “Did you see how big the ball was? How about the person’s hair color?” Most participants visualized the former but not the latter. Ullman and his colleagues term this absence of details “noncommitment” to mental imagery (意象).

Brain imaging studies show that mental imagery engages the same neurons (神经元) in similar ways as perception (感知). Visualizing things seems to have much in common with actually seeing them. But if mental images are indeed pictures, why do they lack such simple details?

Ullman and colleagues conducted a series of experiments in which participants visualized the ball and table scene and were then presented with the questions selected by the researchers. The findings show 78% of participants did not visualize at least two details. People are often unaware of how little detail their mental images contain until asked. They don’t notice how much they don’t notice. It has nothing to do with a person forgetting the contents of a mental image, and it also is found in people with vivid imaginations.

“Nearly everyone can tell you size of the ball but not the person’s hair color,” Ullman says. “It’s like we have one hierarchy when we construct images, first we build space high up and then things like color are further down.” This is the same with Kosslin’s “skeletal image” theory, in which the overall shape is first generated and other details are then added as needed.

“There are imagery-based systems for interviewing people who witnessed a crime to guide them through trying to visualize it as accurately as possible,” Kosslyn says. Imagination is an issue, but understanding noncommitment better could help develop ways of getting more accurate eyewitness evidence, he says. “That’s worth a lot.”

3 . What your dinner photos on Instagram say about you

Posting pictures on Instagram is a modern day version of writing a journal. It’s all about creating a connection between ourselves, our lives, friends, family and the wider public.     1    

Each day, at least 95 million posts are shared on Instagram.

    2     Some people will post photos of their pets, their holidays or their social life — but in recent years, posting photos of the food that we eat conveys to the viewer something about the person posting, their personality and mental state.

If someone posts photos of a meal that they have just cooked, the message they’re trying to convey is that they are a capable person. For example, if someone is on a health kick, they often seek social approval. If they’ve made a really healthy meal, they will typically post it with hashtags like diet or health, which tie into other people’s experiences.     3    

There is also a growing trend of people taking photos of their food when they dine out at a restaurant.     4     These Instagrammers often tag places that are considered selective or to have a certain clientele (顾客群), like celebrities — to indicate that they’re a person of worth. It feeds into their need for social approval and is a way of boosting their own self-confidence.

If people are on a diet or trying to eat a bit better, they can use platforms like Instagram to track what they’ve been eating. It’s a way of motivating other people as well as holding themselves responsible, while subconsciously saying, “    5    ” Sharing the diet is a way of both getting attention and taking responsibility from a wider audience.

4 . Drivers’ attention: Driving can expose you to more dangerous glare than any sunny day at the beach can... do you know how to protect yourself?

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9 . Many people go to school for education. They learn languages, history, math and _________ subjects. Others go to school to learn skills to make a living. School education is very important and useful. Yet, no one can learn _________ from school. Even a very good teacher can’t teach his students everything they want to know. The teacher’s job is to show his students how _________. He teaches them how to read and how to think. So, many things will be learned at school _________ the students themselves.

It is always more important to know how to study by students___________ than to remember some formulas (公式). It is very easy to learn a formula in math, but it is hard to use a formula in _________ a math problem. Great scientists _________ us didn’t get everything from school. Their teachers only showed them the way. Edison didn’t _________ finish primary school, but he was so successful. He invented so many things for human beings.

They were successful _________ they knew how to study. They read books that were not taught at school. They would ask many questions as they read. They did __________ experiments (实验). They worked hard all their lives and never wasted time. The most important thing was that they knew how to use their brain.

10 . Stephen Hawking was born in Oxford, England on 8th January, 1942. He went to school in St Albans — a small city near London. Although he did well, he was never top of his class.                                                

After leaving school, Hawking went first to Oxford University where he studied physics, then he went to Cambridge University where he studied cosmology. As he himself admits (承认), he didn’t work hard. He was a very lazy student, and did very little work. However, he still got good marks.

It was at the age of 20 that Hawking first noticed something was wrong with him. He started to bump into things. When he visited his family at Christmas time, his mother was so worried that she made him see a doctor. Hawking was sent to hospital for tests. Finally, the result came back. Hawking had motor neurone disease, an incurable illness which would make him unable to speak, breathe (呼吸) or move without the help of a machine. Doctors said they had no way to help him. He would die before he was 23.

At first, Hawking became very depressed (抑郁). After a while, though, he began to see his life in a different way. As he later wrote, “Before my illness was diagnosed (诊断), I had been very bored with life. There had not seemed to be anything worth doing. But shortly after I came out of hospital, I suddenly realized that there were a lot of worthwhile things I could do.” Hawking married, found a job at Cambridge University, and had three children. He also went on to do some of the most important scientific research.

In 2018, Hawking died at the age of 76. He strongly believes that his story shows that nobody should lose hope. “Life is not fair,” he once said. “You just have to do the best you can in your own situation.”