1 . 阅读下面材料, 根据首字母和提示填空, 每空一词。

The city of Qufu in Shandong Province is the hometown of Confucius, founder of the Confucian school of philosophy. There are many cultural sites, among which the most famous are the Mansion, the Temple and the Cemetery of Confucius.

Confucius b     1     to the State of Lu in the Spring and Autumn period. By the time of the Warring States period, there were seven chief kingdoms left. Sometimes, they were joined to each other because the power of an individual kingdom was too small, and sometimes they broke away from each other. During this period, the kingdoms went through a number of battles, including military offensive as well as military d     2     . Finally, the State of Qin c     3     the other six kingdoms and united the country. After that, the Qin Dynasty established a new legal system and a unified currency. Evidence shows that the Qin Dynasty made great a     4     in many aspects. Why the Qin Dynasty was strong is no longer a p     5     .

山东省曲阜市是孔子的故乡, 孔子是儒家哲学学派的创始人。那里有许多文化遗址, 其中最著名的是孔府、孔庙和孔林。
孔子属于春秋时期的鲁国。到了战国时期, 还剩下七个主要 诸侯国。有时候它们联合在一起, 因为一个诸侯国的力量太小, 有时候又彼此分离。这一时期, 诸侯国之间经历了许多次战争, 包括军事进攻和军事防御。最后, 秦国征服了其他六国, 统一了国家。那之后, 秦朝建立了新的法律制度和统一的货币。有证据表明, 秦朝在许多方面都取得了巨大的成就。秦朝为何强大已不再是一个谜。