1 . When you walk on a sandy beach, it takes more energy than walking down a sidewalk—because the weight of your body pushes into the sand. It turns out that the same thing is true for vehicles driving on roads.

“The weight of the vehicles creates a very shallow indentation in the pavement—and it makes it such that it's continuously driving up a very shallow hill,” said Jeremy Gregory, a scientist at M. I. T...He modeled with his teammates how much energy could be saved-and greenhouse gases avoided—by simply hardening the nation's roads and highways.

And they found that hardening 10 percent of the nation's roads every year could prevent emissions equal to 440 megatons of carbon dioxide over the next 5 decades—that amount is equal to how much CO, you'd spare the planet by keeping a billion barrels of oil in the ground or by growing 7 billion trees for a decade. It reduces 0.5% of projected transportation emissions over that time period.

As for how to harden roads, Gregory says you could combine small amounts of certain fiber with high technology into paving materials. Or you could pave with specially-made concrete, which is harder than ordinary construction materials.

This system could also be a way to shave carbon emissions without some of the usual barriers. “Usually, when it comes to reducing emissions in the transportation department, you're talking about changing policies related to vehicles and also driver behavior, which involves millions and millions of people—as opposed to changing the way we design and preserve our pavements. That's just on the order of thousands of people who are working in transportation agencies.” And when it comes to improving our streets and highways-those agencies are where you might say the rubber meets the road.

1. How does the author develop Paragraph 3?

A．By giving examples.	B．By making classification.
C．By listing figures	D．By analyzing causes.

2. What does Gregory suggest for hardening roads?

A．Mixing fiber with special concrete.	B．Changing regular paving materials.
C．Creating hi-tech computer models.	D．Using ordinary building materials.

3. What is an advantage of the road-hardening system?

A．It reduces construction costs.	B．It profits transportation agencies.
C．It regulates driver behavior.	D．It avoids involving too many people.

4. What can be a suitable title for the text?

A．Walking Down Beaches or Sidewalks?	B．Hardening Roads Helps Save Energy.
C．How to Cut Down Carbon Emissions	D．A System of Hardening Roads.

2 . During these days, the United States is full of cars. There are still some families without cars, but some families have two or more ones.     1    They are also a necessary part of life.

Cars are used for business. They are driven to offices and factories by workers who have no other way to get to their jobs. When salesmen are sent to different parts of the city, they have to drive in order to carry their products.     2    

Sometimes small children must be driven to school. In some cities school buses are used only when children live more than a mile away from the school.     3       One mother drives on Mondays taking her own children and the neighbors’ as well. Another mother drives on Tuesdays, another on Wednesdays, and so on.     4       Men also form car pools, with three or four men taking turns driving to the place where they all work.

    5     So more car pools should be formed in order to put fewer cars on the road and use less gas. Too many cars will lead to some problems such as accidents or environmental pollution. Something will have to be done about the use of cars. And the government should encourage the citizens to decrease the use of their cars as much as they can.

A．Too many cars are being driven.

B．This is called forming a car pool.

C．Cars are used for more than pleasure.

D．You can choose your car according to the use of it.

E．Farmers have to drive into the city in order to get supplies.

F．Still, it is not safe for young children to take the school bus.

G．When children are too young to walk too far, their mothers take turns driving them to school.