1 . Africa is often called the cradle(摇篮)of civilization. The first human beings appeared on the continent about 2 million years ago. Old civilizations grew along the banks of the Nile River. Thousands of years ago ancient Egypt became a powerful empire, to the south Nubia emerged(出现)in today’s Sudan. After 1000 AD, great empires emerged in Ghana and other areas in western Africa. City-states, including Mogadishu and Zanzibar, grew into powerful trading centers in East Africa. Towards the end of the Middle Ages the first Europeans came to Africa. From the early 1500s on, they made money by bringing slaves to North America. The British, Dutch and Portuguese set up trading posts along the western African coast where they searched for gold and ivory. In the 17th century, the Dutch set up a trading post at the Cape of Good Hope. It grew into a Dutch colony(殖民地)until the 19th century, when the British took over. At the end of the 19th century, Europeans ruled most of Africa. They saw the continent as a major source of raw materials that they could bring back to Europe for their emerging industries. As a result, the Industrial Revolution did not take place in Africa. Throughout the colonial period, European countries fought for influence and control in Africa. In the “Scramble(争夺)for Africa”, they divided the continent into areas of interest. Native Africans often resisted colonial governments and in many areas, they were killed in uprisings(起义).

One of the last countries to gain independence was Rhodesia, today’s Zimbabwe, where blacks fought for over a decade against the British. In South Africa, white Europeans gave up control of the country after Apartheid(种族隔离)ended in the 1990s.

Many African countries did not know how to deal with their newly gained independence, largely because they had no experience in administrating and governing a nation. As a result, civil wars, tribal(部落的)conflicts and power struggles broke out. They resulted in dozens of wars in Africa since the 1960s.

1. What can be inferred from Paragraph 1?

A．Nubia was then part of ancient Egypt.

B．Sudan was founded earlier than Egypt.

C．Africans were the earliest people on earth.

D．Areas along the Nile River greatly developed.

2. What’s the worst things the first Europeans to Africa did?

A．They sold low-quality items to the natives.

B．They treated the local Africans as goods.

C．They hurt and murdered the local people.

D．They seized local people’s fortune by force.

3. Why was Africa divided into many parts by Europeans?

A．To fight against the local people’s resistance.

B．To make parts of Africa into their control.

C．To develop the economy of the limited parts.

D．To prevent local people getting into other countries.

4. Why do so many countries get into fights after gaining independence?

A．They lack managing abilities.	B．They are short of resources
C．They want more free land.	D．They still have no civil rights.

2 . 阅读下面材料，在空白处填 入适当的内容(1个单词)或括号内单词的正确形式。

Peru, a county     1     the Pacific coast of South America, is well-known for its diverse geography. time honored history and magnificent civilization. The county was the center of the powerful ancient Inca Empire in the 1400s and 1500s, when the Inca emperor     2     (live) in the now-famous site Machu Picchu.     3     nation was under the control of Spain from the 16^th century to 1821. It is because of this     4     Spanish is the main     5    (office) language of Peru.

If you are to visit Peru, you may consider spending a day or two     6     (wander) along the beautiful streets in Cusco,     7     was the capital of the Inca Empire from the 13^th until the 16^th century. It is also recommended that you     8     (pay) a visit to Machu Picchu, where you can admire the     9     (amaze) dry stone method of building. Being the world's catalogue, Peru is sure to leave an     10     (impress) on everyone.

3 . 按课文内容填空

So this is it—    1    (高级的) high school at last! I’m not     2     (外向的) so I’m a little     3     (焦虑的) right now. I want to make a good first     4     (印象). Will I make any friends? What if no one talks to me?

Peru is a country on the Pacific coast of South America with three main areas:     5     (狭窄的), dry,     6     (平坦的) land running along the coast, the Andes Mountains, and the Amazon rainforest. In the 1400s and 1500s, Peru was the center of the     7     (强有力的，有影响力的) ancient Inca Empire. The Inca     8     (皇帝) lived in the now-famous     9     (地点) Machu Picchu. Spain took control of Peru in the 16^th century and ruled until 1821. It is for this reason that Spanish is the main     10     (官方的) language of Peru.