The Confucian Analects or The Analects (论语) is a collection of the sayings and teachings of Confucius and his disciples (门徒). It     1     (make) in the early Warring States Period, over 70 years after the death of Confucius, from the notes that his disciples took according to the answers     2     their questions.

The present-day analects is based on the Lu version compiled during the Han Dynasty and contains     3     Confucian concept of ren or humanity or benevolence. Ren is rich in content, and varied in form. The core of the concept is “The benevolent love of others” or universal love,     4     is the basic virtue of a gentleman of noble character. Confucius believes that being benevolent does not mean     5     (be) without principles. One should be clear about what     6     (love) or hate. Ren comes from learning and self-cultivation: it can be seen from a person’s appearance. To be sure, li or rites and yue or music are important.     7    , ren is the No.1 principle of being a decent man. It is actually the essence of li and yue. Without ren, li or yue would be     8     (meaning).

Apart from ren, Confucius put forward another concept, which is yi or righteousness. Yi is the codes of conduct under the     9     (guide) of ren, “The virtuous man cherishes a respect for the law,    10     the vile (邪恶的) man cherishes generous treatment,.”

Living Heritage: Guqin

Wandering sounds, irregular rhythms     1     a carrier of gentle emotions are the musical language of guqin, a plucked seven string instrument     2    (create) in ancient China. The earliest piece of guqin in China, unearthed in Hubei province in 2016,    3    (date) back to the Zhou Dynasty. The body of a guqin is made of lacquered wood(漆木)and the strings of twisted silk. Unlike     4     (it) seemingly simple appearance, making a guqin is     5    (extreme) demanding. An outstanding piece can take anywhere from two to several decades to complete. It is a result of art and time. The tone of guqin is quiet and distant. The guqin     6    (favor) by the literati(文人)in ancient China. The most famous guqin     7    (music) was Yu Boya in the Spring and Autumn and Warring States periods. As he played his guqin in the mountains, a woodcutter named Zhong Ziqi heard the music and understood exactly what Yu wanted     8    (express). This deep understanding formed     9     strong bond between’ them, and they became close friends. This is the famous tale behind the guqin masterpiece, Flowing Water, High Mountains. The piece has been passed down through generations and is considered one of the most famous and important compositions in Chinese guqin music. This graceful dialogue,    10     has been flowing from brushed fingertips and travelling for thousands of years, is continuing to this day.

The United Kingdom has     1     long and interesting history to explore,     2     can help you understand much more about the county and    3    (it) traditions. Almost everywhere you go in the UK, you will     4    (surround) by evidence of four different groups of people    5    (take) over at different times throughout history. The first group, the Romans, came in the first century. Some of their great    6    (achieve) included building towns and roads. Next, the Anglo-Saxons arrived in the fifth century. They introduced the beginnings of the English language,     7    changed the way people built houses. The Vikings came in the eighth century, left behind lots of new vocabulary, and also the names of many locations across the UK.The last group were the Normans.They conquered England after the well-known Battle of Hastings in the 11th century. They had castles     8    (build) all around England, and made changes to the     9    (legally) system. The Normans were French , so many French words     10    (slow) entered into the English language.

The United Kingdom, Great Britain, Britain, England - many people are confused by    1    these different names mean. From the 16th to 19th century, Wales, Scotland and the Kingdom of Ireland     2     (join) one by one to create the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. In the20th century, the southern part of Ireland     3     (break) away from the UK, which resulted     4    the full name today. However, most people just use the     5     (shorten) name: the UK. The four countries work together in some areas, but they also have some     6     (different). There were four sets of invaders. They had castles     7     (build) all around England. Studying the history of the country will make your visit much more     8     (enjoy). The capital city London is     9     ancient port city that has a history     10     (date) back to Roman times.

The Chinatown in San Francisco is the     1     (big) in America, and also the oldest. The climate is mild all year round,     2     (mean) it is always a good time to visit. Now, the majority of residents in Chinatown     3     (be) still ethnic Chinese, many of whom do not speak English     4     (fluent). This allows visitors     5     (experience) a real taste of China. Visitors can spend hours just     6     (explore) the interesting sights, smells, and sounds of China. The stores in the Chinatown offer     7     unique range of souvenirs, goods, and clothing. All kinds of traditional Chinese herbal medicine can be found, too. And there are Chinese tea stores,     8     visitors can taste and buy varieties of Chinese tea. But perhaps what many tourists and San Franciscans treasure most about Chinatown is     9     (it) food. There is Chinese food to suit everyone’s taste, with traditional     10     (dish) from all over China.

10 . Let’s learn about ancient technology

Where we live is surrounded by technology.     1     And you’re probably reading this over the Internet, where the information reached you almost instantly. With all that tech surrounding us, it’s easy to wonder how ancient people got anything done.

All of our modern things, however, are based on older technologies. And those were based on still older ones. Ancient people didn’t have large machinery and equipment.     2     And ancient Egyptians built the pyramids — with huge mystery rooms inside.

Not all of these technologies were limited to modern people. The first “kitchen” flames are older still. Ancient human relatives were cooking food over fires in Europe 800,000 years ago. The first spear throwers (掷矛者) threw their weapons 279,000 years ago before modern humans existed.

    3     However, then came the discovery of 279,000-year-old stone spear in Ethiopia (埃塞俄比亚). These pushed that date back. And now it suggests even prehuman species hunted with stone spears.

Scientists have been trying to figure out how ancient people developed their tools and built their cities and monuments.     4     They are also recreating ancient techniques themselves — from rolling pyramid rocks to testing out ancient tar (沥青) recipes. Scientists detected mystery hale in Great Pyramid of Giza. Using high-tech tools normally reserved for particle physics research, scientists have found a large, hidden hole inside Egypt’s Great Pyramid of Giza.     5