1 . “For the families of the seven, we can not bear, as you do,     1    But we feel the loss, and we are thinking about you so very much. You     2     , and they had that special grace, that special spirit that says, “Give me a challenge and     3    ”. They had     4    and discover its truths. They wished to serve, and they did. They served all of us.”（根据句意填空）

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People may wonder why different words are used to describe these four countries: England, Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland. You can    1     this question if you study British history.

First there was England. Wales was linked to it in the thirteenth century. Now when people     2     to England you find Wales included as well. Next England and Wales were joined to Scotland in the seventeenth century and the name was changed to “Great Britain”. Happily this was     3     without conflict when King James of Scotland became King of England and Wales as well. Finally the English government tried in the early twentieth century to form the United Kingdom by getting Ireland connected in the same peaceful way. However, the southern part of Ireland was unwilling and broke away to form its own government. So only Northern Ireland joined with England, Wales and Scotland to become the United Kingdom and this was shown to the world in a new flag called the Union Jack.

To their     4     the four countries do work together in some areas (eg, the     5     and international relations), but they still have very different institutions. For example, Northern Ireland, England and Scotland have different educational and legal systems as well as different football teams for competitions like the World Cup!

England is the largest of the four countries, and for     6     it is divided roughly into three zones. The zone nearest France is called the South of England, the middle zone is called the Midlands and the one nearest to Scotland is known as the North. You find most of the population settled in the south, but most of the industrial cities in the Midlands and the North of England. Although,     7    , these cities are not as large as those in China, they have world-famous football teams and some of them even have two! It is a pity that the industrial cities built in the nineteenth century do not attract visitors. For historical     8     you have to go to older but smaller towns built by the Romans. There you will find out more about British history and culture.

The greatest historical treasure of all is London with its museums, art collections, theatres, parks and buildings. It is the center of national government and its     9    . It has the oldest port built by the Romans in the first century AD, the oldest building begun by the Anglo-Saxons in the 1060s and the oldest castle constructed by later Norman rulers in 1066. There has been four sets of invaders of England. The first invaders, the Romans, left their towns and roads. The second, the Anglo-Saxons, left their language and their government. The third, the Vikings, influenced the     10     and place-names of the North of England, and the fourth, the Normans, left castles and introduced new words for food.

If you look around the British countryside you will find evidence of all these invaders. You must keep your eyes open if you are going to make your trip to the United Kingdom enjoyable and worthwhile.

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Middle English is the name     1    (give) to the English used from around the 12th to the 15th centuries. Many things played a part in the     2    (develop) of this new type of English. The most important     3    (贡献) was from the Normans, a     4     (French speak) people who    5     (打败) England and took control of the country in 1066.     6    , the Norman Conquest did not affect English as much as the Angles and the Saxons’ victory about 600 years earlier, which led to Old English     7     (replace) Celtic. Even though the Normans spoke French for the e    8     250 years they ruled England, French did not replace English     9     the first language. On the other hand, the English language did borrow many words from French. This resulted in even more words with similar meanings, such as answer (from Old English) and reply (from Old French). It is interesting to learn     10     the words for animals and meat developed.

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John Snow was a famous doctor in London —so    1    , indeed, that he attended Queen Victoria as her personal     2    . But he became inspired when he thought about helping ordinary people     3    to cholera.

First there was England. Wales was    4     to it in the thirteenth century.Now when people refer to England you find Wales    5    as well.Next England and Wales were joined to Scotland in the seventeenth century and the name was changed to “Great Britain”. Happily this was accomplished without    6     when King James of Scotland became King of England and Wales as well.

At first my new surroundings were difficult to    7    . The air seemed thin, as though its combination of gases had little oxygen     8    . Hit by a    9     of fresh air, my head ached. Just as I tried to make the necessary    10    to this new situation, Wang Ping appeared.

5 . Frederick William I, the King of Prussia,     1     that his greatest gift to the Russian people would have     2     . This gift was the Amber room, which was given this name because several tons of amber were used to make it. The amber     3     had a beautiful yellow-brown colour like honey. The design of the room was     4     popular in those days. It was also a treasure     5     , which took the country’s artists about ten years to make.

6 . July 20, 1969 was an important day. Two     1     (美国) astronauts planted the first human footstep on the moon.     2     (他们的) names were Armstrong and Aldrin. They went into a spaceship whose name was Apollo. As Armstrong reached his left foot     3     (touch) the moon’s surface, he said, “That’s one small step for a man, but one big leap for mankind.”

    4     two hours and twenty-one minutes, the man carefully at first and then     5     (勇敢), walked on the moon,     6     (take) photos and picking stones. After eight    7     (day) stay in space, Apollo returned to the earth successfully. People everywhere were     8     (excite) by this moon trip. “This is the    9     (伟大) week in the history of the world since the Creation (创世),” President Nixon told the Travelers. “    10     (多亏，由于) what you have done, the world has never been closer together before.”