1 . 选用适当的单词或短语补全短文。

A. declined            B. eventually             C. flooded            D. handmade          E. producer          F. profit G. remained            H. ruler                    I. share                    L. stressful            K. typically

In the early 19th century, Egypt connected two vast regions: the Ottoman Empire (奥斯曼帝国) and the African continent. For centuries, the Ottoman Empire had been at the center of Eurasian trade. It had also been a major center of manufacturing which produced     1     goods for Europe and Africa.

However, the industrialization of Europe meant that cheaper goods made by machines soon     2     into the Ottoman Empire. The result of this competition was that Africa was increasingly seen as a place that provided new materials for European factories, rather than one that had factories of its own.

Egypt was an African country that was technically part of the Ottoman Empire. It was first invaded by the French army. With British help, the Ottoman forces drove the French out of Egypt. Following this, Muhammad Ali successfully brought about Egyptian independence from the Ottoman Empire. By 1831, he was effectively an independent     3     of a more modern Egypt.

Egypt was already a small-scale     4     of cotton, which was sold to Britain. Ali encouraged even more cotton production nationwide. With the money from this cotton production, Ali’s government began to aid factories so that the country could     5     from its own industrialization. By the late 1840s, it looked like Egypt would     6     become an industrial power.

However, Egypt’s economy slowly     7     . The factories stopped production, and by the 1880s, it had to borrow money from Britain. Though Egypt     8     formally independent, it seemed to be more like a British colony(殖民地).

Europeans kept interfering in Egypt partly because of the Suez Canal(苏伊士运河). Egypt’s new leaders were already     9     because of the industrial collapse that left their country unable to repay the money borrowed from Britain. Finally, in 1875, the king sold his     10     in the Suez Canal Company to the British, giving them control of this important national resource. The powerful British took advantage of this instability and seized the country.

2 . Directions: Fill in each blank with a proper word chosen from the box. Each word can only be used once. Note that there is one word more than you need.

A. accounts       B. determine       C. sites            D. halves               AB. handy       AC. processing AD. simply       BC. statues        BD. pouring       CD. confusing       ABC. case

Egyptian Pyramids

Researchers have uncovered one of the key methods the Egyptians used to build the pyramids. They have long been confused by exactly how workers were able to transport large blocks of stone of construction    1    . Now, they say the key was simple-wet sand.

“For the construction of the Pyramids,the ancient Egyptians had to transport heavy stone blocks and large    2    across the desert.” researchers at the University of Amsterdam said. The team tried to repeat this—and found wet sand was the key. The Egyptians therefore placed the heavy objects on a sledge(雪橇) that workers pulled over the sand.

Research from the University of Amsterdam has now revealed that the Egyptians probably made the desert sand in front of the sledge wet. Experiments have demonstrated that the correct amount of wetness in the sand    3    the pulling force required. To test the theory. the physicists placed a laboratory version of the Egyptian sledge in a tray of sand. They decided both the required pulling force and the stiffness(硬度) of the sand as a function of the quantity of water in the sand. To    4    the stiffness, they used a rheometer, which shows how much force is needed to deform a certain volume of sand. Experiments revealed that the required pulling force decreased proportional to the firmness of the sand. “In the presence of the correct quantity of water. wet desert sand is about twice as firm as dry sand.” the team said. A sledge glides far more easily over firm desert sand    5    because the sand does not pile up in front of the sledge as it does in the    6    of dry sand. They also believe a painting reveals the trick. “The Egyptians were probably aware of this    7    trick.” they said. “A wall painting in the tomb of Djehutihotep clearly shows a person standing on the front of the pulled sledge and    8    water over the sand just in front of it.”

The research results could therefore be useful for examining how to make full use of the transport and    9    of grand material,which at present    10    for about ten percent of the worldwide energy consumption.

3 . Directions: Complete the following passage by using the words in the box. Each word can only be used once. Note that there is one word more than you need.

A. spread       B. predicted       C. boomed       D. redefined       E. agricultural        F. trade G. accelerated       H. continued       I. exchanging       J. seeking       K. continents

Globalization is term used to describe how     1     and technology have made the world into a more connected and interdependent place.

When did globalization begin? Many scholars say it started with Columbus’s voyage 10 the New World in 1492. People traveled to nearby and faraway places well before Columbus’s voyage,     2     their ideas, products, and customs along the way. The Silk Road, an ancient network of trade routes across China, Central Asia, and the Mediterranean used between 50 B. C. E. and 250 C. E. is perhaps the most well-known early example. As globalization     3    , new technologies played a key role in the Silk Road trade. Advances in metallurgy (冶金术) led to the creation of coins; advances in transportation led to the building of roads connecting the major empires of the day; and increased     4     production meant more food could be trafficked between locales. Along with Chinese silk, Roman glass, and Arabian spices, ideas such as Buddhist beliefs and the secrets of paper-making also     5     via these tendrils of trade.

Unquestionably, these types of exchanges were     6     in the Age of Exploration, when European explorers were     7     new sea routes to the spices and silks of Asia. Again, technology played an important role in the maritime trade routes that flourished between old and newly discovered     8     Trade and idea exchange now extended to a previously unconnected part of the world, where ships carrying plants, animals, and Spanish silver between the Old World and the New also carried Christian missionaries.

The web of globalization     9     to spread out through the Age of Revolution, when ideas about liberty and equality spread like fire from America to France to Latin America and beyond. It rode the waves of industrialization, colonization, and war through the eighteenth, nineteenth, and twentieth centuries, powered by the invention of factories, railways, steamboats, cars, and planes.

With the Information Age, globalization went into overdrive. Advances in computer and communications technology launched a new global era and     10     what it meant to be “connected.”

4 . Directions: Complete the following passages by using the words in the box. Each word can only be used once. Note that there is one word more than you need.

A. historical          B. rationing          C. original          D. regulated                 E. reflected F. refuge               G. stored             H. removal          I. typical                    J. character K. restored

The 1940s House

The house is at 17 Braemar Gardens, West Wickham, Kent, now a suburb of Greater London. Series art director Lia Kramer, who had helped create The 1900 House, identified the property and oversaw its restoration. The     1     house was built in 1932 by Bradfield Bros & Murphy, and was retrofitted（翻新）so that the technology and fashions of a middle-class English home of the late 1930s were     2     . It is a three-bedroomed home, with a boiler fueled by coke providing hot water, and there was no telephone or refrigerator. The retrofit included the     3     of central heating, the custom-fitted kitchen cabinets and appliances, and the carpeting as well. The carpeting had been used to cover the original checkerboard floor tiles. Fireplaces were     4     to working condition, and the original French doors which led outside were reinstalled. The existing beds were replaced by iron bedsteads, including twin beds for Michael and Lyn. When neighbours learned of the project, many donated period home furnishings for free. The garden was changed to be     5     of a victory garden, which was also called war garden or food garden for defense.

The family's work in the show was demanding. The family had to act like a typical family of the time, which included the sewing of curtains, building an air-raid shelter, and facing wartime food     6    . Air raids were like real during the show, forcing the family to take     7     in its air-raid shelter. The near-nightly sound of the air-raid siren（fixed in a hallway in the home）left the family upset, even after they returned to their regular lives. The family had to stay in     8     all the time, including when the boys went to school. Even minor aspects of life, such as the depth of water in the bath tub, which could be no deeper than five inches, were     9     .

Filming began on 15 April 2000, and lasted nine weeks. Unlike other     10     reality television shows, the Hymers were not isolated. Their neighbours helped them dig their air-raid shelter, the family also visited a retirement home. Nonetheless, Lyn Hymers later said that the family did feel isolated, and seldom got the sense of community spirit that people living in the 1940s would have felt.

5 . Directions: Complete the following passage by using the words in the box. Each word can only be used once. Note that there is one word more than you need.

A. open        B. briefly        C. significantly        D. remains               E. replacing F. home        G. violent        H. restored               I. constructed        J. changes        K. rulers

Windsor Castle

Windsor Castle is the most famous of all castles in England. The grand castle is still a（n）     1     of the British royal family, and is the largest and oldest residential castle in the world. It has been the site of a royal house for almost 1,000 years, since the time of William the Conqueror.

King Henry II     2     the first stone building on the site of Windsor Castle in the 1170s. King Edward III, who was born in the castle, pulled down most of Henry's buildings in the 1350s,     3     them with a new “round castle” in the center of the site. Edward's central keep（城堡主楼）has survived to this day though with major     4    .

St. George's Chapel is the main church on the site. It was begun during the reign（统治）of King Edward IV and was completed by King Henry VII, who was buried there along with nine other British     5    .

The most     6     part in the history of Windsor Castle took place during the English Civil War, when Oliver Cromwell's troops took over the castle from King Charles I and used it as a fortress and the headquarters. King Charles I was     7     imprisoned at Windsor Castle and it wasn't long before he was killed and buried here in 1648.

Windsor Castle remains a primary residence of the royal family, but much of it is now     8     to the public. Sights on a Windsor Castle tour include the daily changing of the guard. The public rooms contain a large number of paintings, decorative ceiling designs and antique furniture. A fire in 1992 destroyed parts of the royal apartments, which are open to a Windsor Castle tour when the Queen is not in residence, but these have been painstakingly     9    .A Windsor Castle tour should include a walk through the Windsor Great Park, which is a beautifully designed garden in the     10     of a royal hunting forest.

6 . Directions: After reading the passage below, fill in each blank with a proper word given in the box. Each word can be used only once. Note that there is one more word than you need.

A. devotion       B. arrivals       C. pursued        D. notably        E. astonishing F. attempting     G. conflict       H. withdrew     I. abandoned       J. granted       K. blessings

The decade of the 1920s was like no other period that Americans of the time could imagine. World War I---the “war to end all wars”---had just concluded, and the world seemed suddenly a much smaller place. The stock market grew at a(n)     1     rate. Everyone seemed to have plenty of money to spend and plenty of leisure time in which to enjoy it. Girls known as “flappers”     2     the modest styles embraced by their mothers for scandalous fashions that included silk stockings, knee-length hemlines, bobbed hair, and cosmetics. Young men vied to see who could sit atop a flagpole the longest or who could swallow the largest number of live goldfish.

Indeed, it seemed that the Roaring Twenties howled with exuberance(旺盛的精力), daring, and a(n)     3     to all that was “modern.” However, the period could just as accurately be called the Decade of Paradox. Although it was a time of prosperity and enormous social and cultural change, it was also a time of class     4     and oppression.

The United States remained in many ways the land of opportunity, but it no longer welcomed immigrants. Workers worried that impoverished new     5    would take away their jobs. Wealthy businessmen worried that “un-American” ideas about workers’ rights might erode their power and reduce their profits. The government     6     an isolationist course and enacted legislation that dramatically reduced the number of foreign-born immigrants permitted to enter the country.

The decade brought mixed     7     for women and families also. Although the Nineteenth Amendment to the Constitution     8     women the right to vote in 1920, the Supreme Court overturned progress achieved in minimum-wage and child-labor laws. In 1929 the government     9     its support for health programs that intended to help children and pregnant women living in rural regions of the country.

An energized Ku Klux Klan in the South terrorized African Americans, Catholics, Jews, and immigrants. The wealth so evident in the industrialized North was     10     absent in rural areas, especially in black communities. Poverty drove millions of African Americans to the North and the West in search of jobs, and the influx of people into cities such as New York, Detroit, and St. Louis was not without problems. These places, however, also became famous as the centers of a vibrant culture created by African American artists, writers, and musicians who were among the greatest talents of the era.

7 . Directions: Complete the following passage by using the words in the box. Each word can only be used once. Note that there is one word more than you need

A. enhancing       B. signified        C. dimmed        D. reliance E. delicate       F. appeal        G. worth        H. radiant I. reinforced       J. diverse        K. intensifying

For centuries, beauty has been the currency of womanhood, transcending class, culture, and time. More valuable than intelligence, athleticism, confidence, or kindness, physical beauty has always been a woman's most precious commodity.

In the Middle Ages, women would bleed themselves to achieve a pale complexion. A paleface     1     wealth. and nobility. Lead poisoning as a result of skin and hair powdering was equally common throughout the 17th and 18th centuries. Complexion     2     edible wafers made of arsenic, known to cause cancer, promised to transform the most sallow (yellowish and unhealthy) skin into     3     health; remove pimples; and clear the face of freckles and tan.

Women's bodies were equally under criticism or attack. Corsets(紧身衣), at the height of their     4     in the 19lh century, prompted women to remove ribs and endure skeletal deformities and organ damage, in addition to the inconvenient and frequent fainting spells that they caused.

The list of dangerous, violent, and harmful practices imposed on women's bodies is endless, and the pathological obsession with female beauty has hardly     5     in recent years. Rather, with globalization and mass production, the 20th century brought unprecedented exposure to the beauty industry and saw the     6     of unrealistic beauty standards. Today, beauty is a $488 billion industry. where the Asia—Pacific now accounts for one third of the industry's global value and is one of the world's fastest—growing markets.

It is uncomfortable to acknowledge that, despite significant progress in women's rights, beauty continues to endure and be     7     as the dominant currency for women. Female beauty, no matter how expanded and     8     the definition, will continue to be an oppressive restriction on women unless we challenge the system that advocates the notion that beauty is a woman's primary currency. This notion harms women, occupies a majority of their time, and distracts society from the diversity of talents that we have to offer.

The answer to this problem is not the creation of more space for beauty content and conversation. Instead, let's lift and celebrate the diversity of other areas of female     9     including their contribution to sport, history, academia, science, politics, and business This does not mean that we ignore beauty entirely. Instead, we must admit that there is a toxic preoccupation with female beauty that is driven by a     10     on women's shame and insecurity.