1 . Singapore uses about two billion liters of water every day-a number it expects could double in the next four decades.

That kind of consumption is adding pressure to the Asian city state to address growing concerns about global water shortage. So it's building new technology to prepare itself for a future where obtaining clean water will be even more difficult. "Singapore truly has become a global water center,"said Shane Snyder,executive director of the Nanyang Environment & Water Research Institute at Singapore's Nanyang Technological University. “But as it stands, it imports approximately 40% of its water today. And with climate change,that water has become far less dependable.”

Singapore, meanwhile, is home to more than five million people and is covered in fountains,reservoirs and other water features-including the world's tallest indoor waterfall, The Rain Vortex that pumps about 45,000 liters of water per minute. But it has no natural water sources of its own,instead relying heavily on recycled water and imports from its neighbors.

Snyder's research facility is one of several places developing solutions for Singapore's water dependency. The hope is to create projects that could be used across the city. "What we have become used to as reliable water may quickly change-so we have to be prepared,and we have to be thinking about the basic facilities in advance. " Snyder said. " There's a big drive to become water independent-to control our own future -and that is largely dependent on the technologies we're developing. "

Another company,Wateroam, is already taking innovation from Singapore to the rest of the region. Founded in 2014,Wateroam says it has developed a lightweight,portable filtration（过滤）device that has already provided clean drinking water to more than 75,000 people across Southeast Asia. Wateroam CEO David Pong said one of the most innovative aspects of the product is its simplicity. The water filtration device is no bigger than a bicycle pump,yet it can provide clean water to villages of 100 people for up to two years.

"We've been very blessed to have access to clean drinking water," Pong said. It's necessary to bring the privilege to the rest of the region, and advocate that clean water is an essential aspect for life on Earth,according to him.

1. What worsens the water shortage problem in Singapore?

A．More water imports.	B．The lack of technology.
C．The increasing population.	D．Double water consumption.

2. How can water crisis in Singapore be eased?

A．Searching for natural water sources.

B．Controlling the increase of population.

C．Importing water from more neighbors.

D．Using technologies to provide clean water.

3. What do we know about the filtration device from Paragraph 5?

A．It is easy to carry and use.

B．It is larger than a bicycle pump.

C．It has already been used across Asia.

D．It has already been in use for two years.

4. What is the main idea of the text?

A．Clean water is an essential aspect for life on Earth.

B．Technology can help Singapore out with its water shortage.

C．The increasing water consumption is adding pressure to Singapore.

D．Singapore's filtration device has provided many people with clean water.

2 . 假定英语课上老师要求同桌之间交换修改作文，请你修改你同桌写的以下作文。文中共有10处语言错误，每句中最多有两处；每处错误仅涉及一个单词的增加、删除或修改。
增加：在缺词处加一个漏字符号（∧），并在其下面写出该加的词。
删除：把多余的词用斜线（\）划掉。
修改：在错的词下划一横线，并在该词下面写出修改的词。
注意：1.每处错误及其修改均仅限一词；
2.只允许修改10处，多者（从第11处起）不计分。

Of all my teachers, Mr. Jenkins is the one which impresses me most. Though he is 34, yet he looks very young for his age. And he's one of the most popular teacher in our school.

Comparing with other teachers, Mr Jenkins pays more attention to his ways of teaching. He tries various of ways to make his classes lively and interestingly. In his opinion, we should not only know "what", and also understand "why". So, instead of giving us answers immediately, he inspired us to think by ourselves whenever he puts forward questions. With her help, we've learned how to analyze and settle problems. Even the students who previously lacked confidence now take active part in his class. We all appreciate that he has done for us.

4 . When Ariyah Georges was born 15 weeks early, she weighed only one pound 12 ounces. Her mother, Jovan, knew how important breastfeeding (母乳) was, especially for a premature (早产的) baby like Ariyah, so she began pumping milk to feed her through a tube. But two days later, Jovan felt dizzy and feverish —104 Fahrenheit degrees, in fact. She had a blood disease and was close to full shock.

She was separated from others for nearly two weeks at the regional Northern Virginia hospital where she’d delivered. During that time, she could still pump breast milk, but Ariyah couldn’t consume it because of the risk of infection (感染). Without it, the newborn was particularly easily affected by diseases. There are many cases like this, which creates the need for the milk donation.

Enter donor (捐献者) milk — breast milk purchased by hospitals for mothers who aren’t able to produce enough milk on their own, due to health complications, stresses, or other factors. The milk comes from milk banks, organizations that collect and screen breast milk from those women willing to donate. Usually processed in intensive-care units, the milk is only available by prescription (处方).

In recent years, both milk banks and the use of donated human milk have risen swiftly in the United States. In 2011, 22 percent of NICUs used donor breast milk; four years later, that number doubled to nearly 40 percent, and went even higher for the most intensive NICUs — as much as 75 percent. There are 23 milk banks in the United States recognized by the Human Milk Banking Association of North America, or HMBANA, double the number that existed five years ago.

But as the demand for donor milk rises, banks must find more charitable donors — a task made more complicated by informal networks of milk sharing that happens online. And many of the most vulnerable (脆弱的) infants are still not being reached.

1. Jovan couldn’t feed her baby Ariyah on her breast milk because _______.

A．Ariyah was a premature baby	B．Jovan couldn’t produce enough milk
C．Jovan was in poor health	D．Jovan was separated from others

2. By telling the story of Ariyah and her mother, the writer wants to______.

A．introduce the topic of an increasing need for donated human milk

B．remind us of the importance of breastfeeding the newborn

C．tell us what to do if mothers cannot produce enough milk

D．warn us against the risk of the newborn being affected by diseases

3. How is the writer’s idea mainly developed in Paragraph 4?

A．By following time order.	B．By making predictions.
C．By giving examples.	D．By listing data.

4. What problem are milk banks now faced with?

A．It’s difficult to find enough charitable donors.

B．Networks of milk looking for donors online are informal.

C．The milk purchased from milk banks cannot reach infants’ home.

D．The number of women willing to donate breast milk are decreasing.

5 . “The price of books for our students is just getting higher and higher and，combined with the rising cost of tuition，it’s killing these students，”said Peter Jason，a college professor. “Remember，students are one of the poorest groups of people in America. Almost half of them have at least one part-time job. In fact，one of my students has three jobs. And she still manages to have high scores and go to school full-time. ”

Textbook prices are traditionally high. Adding to that problem, many college teachers change textbooks year after year; they either upgrade to a new edition or switch to an entirely different textbook. This further hurts students because if an instructor no longer uses a particular textbook，that book has no resale value.

Dr. Jason decided to make reading a little easier and a lot cheaper for his students by writing his own book on public speaking. “Many books have an increased price because of CD-ROMs，lots of color photographs and pictures. I talked to my students，and many of them，like me，prefer to keep things simple! So，a few years ago，I wrote my own textbook. Compared to most other public speaking books，mine is half the number of pages，and one-third the price. That is，$30 instead of $90.   When I wrote a second edition last year，students only had to buy the 35 new pages, For only $7. 00，they had almost a new book. Now my loose-leaf textbook enjoys great popularity among the students. Maybe in the future more writers and publishers will try it. ”

1. What did Dr. Jason say about students at college?

A．They are short of money.

B．They need better textbooks.

C．They should do part-time jobs.

D．They are trying to get high scores.

2. What did Dr. Jason decide to do to help the students?

A．To choose cheaper textbooks.

B．To write a textbook himself.

C．To speak to his students.

D．To use old textbooks.

3. How much does a public speaking textbook usually cost?

A．About 7 dollars.	B．About 30 dollars.
C．About 37 dollars.	D．About 90 dollars.

4. Which of the following can be inferred from the passage?

A．Dr. Jason’s textbook has CD-ROMs and nice pictures.

B．More writers and publishers will write simpler textbooks.

C．Dr. Jason teaches public speaking at a college.

D．Dr. Jason’s textbook is not well received.

6 . The average American child spends three to five hours a day watching TV. In 1961, the average child began to watch television at age three; however, today it is nine months. Yet, most parents think that television has bad influence on their children. For example, in the early 1970s, my parents believed that my bad eyesight was the result of sitting too close to the screen, and they therefore made my stay at least six feet from it. Today, most people have no such worry, but many new ridiculous (荒谬的) sayings have appeared:

TV makes kids stupid. The opposite is true. Many children watch more educational programs when they are pre-schoolers. When they grow up, they can read more books and have much better ideas to solve difficult problems than other children.

TV makes kids violent. The real story is not so simple. Hundreds of studies show that watching violence on TV makes children more aggressive (好斗的). But a study of over 5,000 children also finds that some positive programs make children kinder. The problem is that kids are increasingly watching shows with violence instead of those suitable for their age.

Sitting around watching TV makes kids overweight. An experiment finds that when children watch less television, they do lose extra weight; however, reducing their television time does not make them more active. The real problem lies in snacking (吃零食), a widespread habit for kids.

TV helps kids get to sleep. The opposite is true. The more television children watch, the more likely they are to have irregular sleep and nap(小睡) patterns. Allowing kids to watch television is part of the problem, not the solution.

1. Which one is the advantage of educational TV programs?

A．They will improve children’s ability to get along with others.

B．They will make children solve difficult problems better than others.

C．They are likely to make children more aggressive.

D．They will make sure of children’s success in the future.

2. Why are children spending much time watching TV likely to be fat?

A．Watching TV makes children lazy and inactive.

B．Watching TV makes children sleepy.

C．Watching TV doesn’t burn up as much fat as doing sports.

D．Children like to snack while watching TV.

3. What influence does watching TV have on a child’s sleep?

A．It will make children form a bad habit of sleeping.

B．Children’s sleep time will be greatly reduced.

C．Children are likely to sleep deeper after watching TV.

D．It will make children sleep easier.

4. What is the purpose of this text?

A．To increase people’s knowledge of watching TV.

B．To warn parents of the disadvantages of watching TV.

C．To explain the bad influences that watching TV has on children.

D．To correct parents’ wrong ideas of television’s effect on children.

7 . Gretchen Altman is smiling, leaning back casually, a cup of coffee in hand — Hills Bros. Coffee, to be precise. It looks like a casual shot, but if you hit like, leave a comment, and tag a friend, you can get three different cups of coffee, for free.

Altman is part of a growing trend of "micro-influencers". She has a small following — around 6,000 on Instagram(社交平台). Her going rate is $300 to $800 to promote something. She does some posts in exchange for free goods, as long as it’s stuff she believes in.

As a micro-influencer she has a much closer relationship with her followers than a big social media star. "I’m just living a normal life and people relate to that," she says. "They just feel like I’m a friend of theirs."

But it worries consumer rights groups. Several recent studies have found that young audiences are largely unable to understand when something is sponsored content.

In some cases, it’s clear. When a big star takes to a social media to advertise Coca-Cola, for example, the assumption is that he or she’s probably getting paid to do so. And the posts are clearly labeled as ads, with the caption "advertisement" or "sponsored content".

But what happens when an everyday person with just a couple thousand followers takes to social media to extol(颂扬) the virtues of a product? The motivations are not so clear cut. The problem with these social media posts is that you don’t know whether it’s an ad or not.

Altman is diligent about using those hashtags(标签). She loves what she does and sees it as a business, but she doesn’t necessarily want to be a social media celebrity.

"With social media being so integrated into our everyday lives, we have this unique opportunity that I don’t think anyone has ever had before where we can each be our own brand," Altman says.

1. What does a micro-influencer do according to the passage?

A．Give enough likes.	B．Post to promote sales.
C．Recommend some comments.	D．Design advertisements.

2. What makes consumer rights groups feel worried?

A．Sponsored ads content.

B．Ads with caption on posts.

C．The unclear motivations of the posts.

D．The increasingly growing number of audiences.

3. How does Gretchen Altman feel about being a micro-influencer?

A．Annoyed.

B．Delighted.

C．Ambitious.

D．Depressed.

4. Which of the following can be the best title?

A．Instagram Advertising: Do You Know It, When You See It

B．To be a Micro-influencer or to be a Big Star

C．We Can Each Be Our Own Top Brand

D．Hills Bros. Coffee, Your Coffee

8 . Hundreds of children are being treated for sleep problems in Wales every year. In some cases，babies，infants (婴儿)and teenagers have been admitted to hospital in north Wales alone.

The Children’s Sleep Charity said many children were suffering from lack of sleep mainly because of technology use. Public Health Wales said sleep was as important to a child’s health as healthy eating and exercise，and children with poor sleep patterns were more likely to be fat.

Statistics obtained (获得) under the Freedom of Information Act by BBC Wales found at least 408 children have been admitted to hospitals across Wales suffering from sleep disorders since March 2013.

Children aged between 0 and 4 made up the highest number of inpatients (住院病人)，with some newborns being treated for sleep-related problems from the day of birth.

Vicki Dawson，who set up the Children’s Sleep Charity (CSC)，said sleepless nights were putting both children and parents in anxiety. “Their weight and growth may also be affected as well as their mental health，”she said.

Teachers said children showing signs of sleep shortage and tiredness in class were a concern as they couldn’t concentrate for long periods.

Psychologist Amy McClelland，of Sleep Wales，saida common problem was that children were “over excited”before bed and that families should get back to basics. “Think 1950s family home. Dinner as a family，read，chat，a film maybe，lights off and then bed. ”She added.

1. What’s the main reason why children are short of sleep？

A．Less exercise.	B．Eating habits.
C．Technology use.	D．Sleep patterns.

2. Who are the majority of the inpatients with sleep-related disorders？

A．Infants.	B．Teenagers.
C．Teachers.	D．Parents.

3. What can we infer from what Amy McClelland said？

A．Chatting and films make children sleep more.

B．It is difficult for children to read before bed.

C．Being too excitedis good for sleep habits.

D．Relaxation has a bad effect on children.

4. What is the best title for the text？

A．Ways to Treat Sleep Problems	B．Sleep Problems of Welsh Children
C．Sleep Habits of Welsh Children	D．The Problems of Welsh Children

9 . On Aug 12, as white nationalists clashed with anti-racists over whether a statue of a leader in the American Civil war should be removed from a park in Charlottesville, a speeding car drove into the crowd, killing one and injuring dozens of others, reported The Washington Post.

The car driver was a 20-year-old white nationalist. Actually many of the white nationalists were young men. Some may wonder how the younger generation could have become caught up in racism, yet it’s believed that racist groups are using modern techniques to appeal to them. “Younger people have access to many more forms of information than ever before inhuman history—socialmedia.” Oren Segal, director of the anti-defamation(诽谤) league’s Center on Extremism in the US, told Newsweek.

According to Segal, racist groups introduce people to “hate” by finding ways to communicate with them online. And Paul Becker, a sociology professor at the University of Dayton, US, believes that some young people may even be using this to fill a “void(空虚感)” in their life. “These groups provide a place to belong, and give their lives a goal or purpose,”he told The Atlanta.Journal-Constitution.

Meanwhile, the changing of the US population structure is causing concern for some people after experts predicted that minority groups in the US could become the majority by 2050, leading to dissatisfaction and anger, according to Newsweek.

The problem of racism has been on the rise in the US for some time. According to a Gallup poll in March, 42 percent of Americans worry a great deal about race relations, while the figure was only 13 percent in 2010.

But like most problems, it’s unlikely to be solved overnight. “Even the best policy won’t stop every attack. But they could, at the very least, help make events like Charlottesville less likely,” wrote Vox.

1. Which statement is NOT why racism in the US is going from bad to worse?

A．The statue of a leader in the American Civil war is to be removed from a park.

B．Participation of racism may give the racists a purpose and a sense of belonging.

C．Minority groups may compose a larger partof the population in less than 40 years.

D．The advance of technology is making it easier for more people to get involved in racism.

2. What might Paul Becker agree with?

A．Certain social media should be cut off from young people.

B．It’s common for the young in the US to feel empty and aimless.

C．Involvement in racism gives some young people a purpose.

D．The Internet plays a positive role in keeping the young free from racism.

3. What can we learn from the last paragraph?

A．It’s impossible to stop racism.

B．Efforts should be made to solve racism in a short time.

C．Policies can contribute to the decrease of racial problems.

D．Events like Charlottesville are caused by drawbacks of policies.

10 . Keeping secrets is a burden

“Don’t tell anyone”. We hear these words when someone tells a secret to us. But it can be hard to keep a secret. We’re often tempted to “spill the beans(说漏嘴)”，even if we regret it later.

According to Asim Shah, professor in the Menninger Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences at Baylor College of Medicine, US, keeping a secret may well “become a burden”. This is because people often have an “obsessive and anxious urge to share it with someone”.

An earlier study, led by Anita E. Kelly, a scientist at the University of Notre Dame, US, suggested that keeping a secret could cause stress. People entrusted(受委托的) with secrets can suffer from depression, anxiety, and body aches, reported the Daily Mail.

But with secrets so often getting out, why do people share them at all? Shah explained that people often feel that it will help them keep a person as a friend. Another reason people share secrets is guilt over keeping it from someone close to them. A sense of distrust can develop when people who are close do not share it with each other. “Keeping or sharing secrets often puts people in a position of either gaining or losing the trust of someone,” according to Shah.

He added that talkative people could let secrets slip out (泄露).But this doesn’t mean that it is a good idea only to share secrets with quiet people. A quiet person may be someone who keeps everything inside. To tell such a person a secret may cause them stress, and make them talk about the secret. Shah said that to judge whether to tell someone a secret.

Shah said that to judge whether to tell someone a secret, you’d better put yourself in their position. Think about how you would feel to be told that you mustn’t give the information away. Shah also recommended that if you accidentally give up someone’s secret you should come clean about it. Let the person know that their secret isn’t so secret anymore.

1. What does underlined word “obsessive” mean?

A．Unwilling.

B．Confusing.

C．Wanting to do something very much.

D．Refusing to accept facts.

2. What did researchers at the University of Notre Dame discover about secret-keeping?

A．It can result in mental and physical problems.

B．It can help promote friendships between people.

C．It can harm relationships between friends

D．It can result in a sense of distrust between friends

3. What is the main message of Paragraph 5?

A．It’s better to share your secrets with quiet people.

B．Quiet people suffer less stress from keeping secrets.

C．Talkative people are unlikely to keep secrets.

D．It’s not a good idea to share your secrets with others.

4. What does Shah suggest people do if they give away someone’s secret by accident?

A．Stay away from the person.

B．Tell the affected person what happened.

C．Exchange a new secret with the person.

D．Buy the person a gift as an apology.