1 . What is the ideal physique(体形)? The answer is ever-changing. But it is to a large extent work of a single company that dominated the past 60 years of body image standards.
Since its creation in 1959, Barbie has been in the leading position of promoting hardly attainable body image standards, for which it was often heavily criticized. Scientific research shows that the probability of achieving a Barbie-like body shape is less than 1 in 100,000!
Mattel, the company behind the Barbie doll, has recognized that the 60s’ idea of good body image is long gone. In an effort to keep up with social change, Mattel is adjusting the dolls' body type and skin color, introducing special editions.
There is now a Barbie in a wheelchair. There is a Barbie Astronaut, Rescuer, or Engineer. In their latest Barbie special edition, Mattel honors the women fighting the COVID-19 pandemic, including Dame Sarah Gilbert. In the hope that Mattel is adapting to modern corporate standards just as well as it is to social change, we’re attracted by what the company's sustainability data may tell us.
What does the data tell us? To answer this question, we’ve launched a sustainability-focused beauty contest-with Mattel as one of the contestants. The company scores relatively well on environmental and social metrics(衡量标准).However, in terms of diversity, Mattel is well below its competitor, Hasbro. This being said, the judges advise that beauty should be equally defined by the inside and the outside.
What does this mean? Be body-positive! As we’re approaching the second quarter of the 21st century, the importance of a healthy relationship between mind and body is being recognized. And with this, body image standards are changing, allowing for more freedom of expression and identity.
Mattel’s efforts in product diversity are a welcome step in the right direction, as the doll has its very own influence. We believe that Barbie’s future lies in the empowerment(赋予力量)of today’s youth, contributing toward a generation of confident individuals.
1. How does scientific research evaluate a Barbie-like body shape?| A．It needs much luck to achieve it. |
| B．It's almost impossible to achieve it. |
| C．There is increasing probability of achieving it. |
| D．It's a breakthrough in attainable body image standards. |
| A．To score well on social metrics. |
| B．To launch a beauty contest. |
| C．To keep pace with the times. |
| D．To define what is real beauty. |
| A．Positive. | B．Negative. | C．Uncertain. | D．Uninterested. |
| A．The Future of Barb |
| B．New Metrics for Body Image |
| C．A Deep Dive into Barbie’s World |
| D．A Great Change in Body Image Standards |
2 . There are a lot of reasons we fail to make effective decisions. Let’s take a look at some of the biggest ones:
We’re unintentionally stupid. I like to think that I’m rational (理智的) and capable of interpreting all information in a non-biased way but that’s a dream. Cognitive biases (偏见) are great at explaining how our evolutionary programming leads us wrong.
We use the wrong model.
We fail to learn. We all know the person that has 20years of experience but it’s really the same year over and over.
Luckily, we can take steps to reduce the odds of stupidity and increase the chances of good decisions in each of these categories.
| A．We overlook doing right. |
| B．We collected the wrong information. |
| C．Well,that person is sometimes us. |
| D．We use mental models to make decisions. |
| E．Knowledge of these biases in advance rarely helps us make better decisions. |
| F．Making decisions with the wrong assumptions or facts is likely to lead to disaster. |
| G．We often want to feel good about ourselves first and the outcome we desire second. |
增加：在缺词处加一个漏字符号∧，并在其下面写出该加的词。
删除：把多余的词用\划掉。
修改：在错词的下面画一横线，并在该词下面写出修改后的词。
注意：1.每处错误及其修改均限一词；
2.只允许修改10处，多者（从第11处起）不计分。
Nowadays, I see a lot food thrown away by student in our school cafeteria into the dustbins. Some students often bought too much to eat. Others throw away the food just because it doesn’t taste well. In my opinion, the waste of food is unacceptable. After all, many people in the world are suffering from hungry. As a matter of the fact, the waste can be avoided if we raise your awareness of save. Whenever eating, buy no more than what you can eat, but think about what you really like before buying. Besides, remember to pack up the food what you fail to finish.
Dressing smartly is, of course, important for your confidence and sense of self-empowerment. But your style can do more than just send
5 . Masks that helped save lives are proving a deadly danger to wildlife, with birds and sea creatures trapped in the shocking number of thrown-away facial coverings. Single-use masks have been found around pavements, waterways and beaches worldwide. Worn once, the thin protective materials can take hundreds of years to decompose. “Face masks aren’t going away any time soon — but when we throw them away, these items can harm the environment and the animals,” Ashley Fruno of animal rights group PETA said.
In Britain, a gull was rescued by the RSPCA after its legs became tangled in the straps of a mask for up to a week. The animal welfare charity took it to a wildlife hospital for treatment before its release.
The biggest effect may be in the water. More than 1.5 billion masks made their way into the world’s oceans last year, accounting for around 6,200 extra tonnes of ocean plastic pollution, according to environmental group Oceans Asia.
Conservationists in Brazil found one mask inside the stomach of a penguin after its body was washed up on a beach, while a dead puffer fish was discovered caught inside another off the coast of Miami. French campaigners found a dead crab trapped in a mask near the Mediterranean.
Masks and gloves are “particularly problematic” for sea creatures, says George Leonard, chief scientist from NGO Ocean Conservancy. “When those plastics break down in the environment, they then enter the food chain and impact the entire ecosystems,” he added.
There has been a shift towards greater use of reusable cloth masks as the pandemic has worn on, but many are still using the lighter single-use varieties. Campaigners have urged people to bin them properly and cut the straps to reduce the risk of animals becoming trapped. Oceans Asia has also called on governments to increase fines for littering and encourage the use of washable masks.
1. What does the underlined word “decompose” in paragraph 1 mean?| A．Burn away. | B．Produce. | C．Break down. | D．Improve. |
| A．The environmental group saves many animals. |
| B．Sea wildlife is fond of feeding on face masks. |
| C．Measures should be taken to protect sea wildlife. |
| D．Masks thrown around finally do harm to human. |
| A．By increasing fines for throwing masks. | B．By preventing the public using single-use masks. |
| C．By working with campaigners’ groups. | D．By washing face masks frequently. |
| A．Wildlife Faces a Threat from Face Masks | B．Face Masks can Harm the Environment |
| C．Animal Protection Organizations Matter | D．Government should Ban Littering Face Masks |
要点提示：
1.浪费粮食的现象；
2.珍惜粮食的意义；
3.开展相关活动。
注意：1.词数100左右；
2.可适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。
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7 . Rising numbers of older adults are unable to care for themselves, often leading to serious health problems and even death, according to state and local government agencies. So-called self-neglect cases generally involve the inability to perform basic self-care, such as providing oneself with food, personal health, medication and safety.
Seniors who no longer drive, for instance, are often unable to get to medical appointments, worsening health problems that can make them unable to care for themselves. A fall can result in body injuries leaving one bedridden and unable to care for oneself. Failure to pay bills for public services could lead to service cutoffs. Forgetting to pay rent could lead to the loss of a home.
Mr. Mc-Cormack, 75 years old, and his wife, 71, both had mental illness and stayed in hospitals from time to time, unable to care for their possessions. Despite repeated visits to their home by local officials, the Mc-Cormacks refused assistance. But after they were found living in their car parked outside their house in December 2017, officials removed them from their home and helped them settle in a nursing home.
Self-neglect cases, like above, involved 144, 296 people across the country in 2018, according to a report. The federal government doesn't have comparable data for previous years, but several state and local service providers say they are seeing the self-neglect problem rise.
The reasons seniors stop caring for themselves vary, including illness, depression and poverty. The loss of the spouse or a neighbor who previously kept an eye on an individual often starts a decline into self-neglect, experts say. And the key to reducing self-neglect cases is providing services to enable seniors to remain in their homes safely, such as reliable transportation for medical appointments and shopping, as well as affordable home help.
1. What is the function of Paragraph 2?| A．Give examples of self-neglect cases. | B．Introduce a new topic for discussion. |
| C．Arouse readers' interest. | D．Summarize the previous paragraph. |
| A．They accepted help from others. | B．They took good care of themselves. |
| C．They ended up living in the nursing house. | D．They couldn't afford to go to hospital. |
| A．Self-care benefits greatly the seniors. |
| B．Investigations are conducted on self-neglect. |
| C．Self-neglect rises among the elderly. |
| D．The government promotes self-care of the seniors. |
| A．In a guidebook. | B．In a newspaper. |
| C．In a fairy tale. | D．In a science fiction. |
1. Who could the man speaker most probably be?
| A．A person who saw the accident. | B．The driver of the lorry. | C．A police officer. |
| A．Walking along Churchill Avenue. |
| B．Getting ready to cross the road. |
| C．Standing outside a bank. |
| A．At about 8 ：00 a. m. | B．At about 9 ：00 a. m. | C．At about 10 ：00 a. m. |
| A．A lorry hit a car. |
| B．A car ran into a lorry. |
| C．A bank clerk rushed into the street. |
Taking a taxi in some Eastern European countries can be
They do it to tourists
They have a secret switch which makes the meters much
In one case,a German woman had no choice
10 . You wake up in the morning, the day is beautiful and the plans for the day are what you have been looking forward to for a long time. Then the telephone rings,you say hello,and the drama starts.The person on the other end has a depressing tone in his voice as he starts to tell you how terrible his morning is and that there is nothing to look forward to.You are still in a wonderful mood?Impossible!
Communicating with negative people can wash out your happiness. It may not change what you think, but communicating long enough with them will make you feel depressed for a moment or a long time.
Life brings ups and downs,but some people are stuck in the wrong idea that life has no happiness to offer. They only feel glad when they make others feel bad. No wonder they can hardly win others' pity or respect.
When you communicate with positive people, your spirit stays happy and therefore more positive things are attracted. When the dagger（匕首）of a negative person is put in you, you feel the heavy feeling that all in all, brings you down.
Sometimes we have no choice but to communicate with negative people. This could be a coworker, or a relative. In this case, say what needs to be said as little as possible. Sometimes it feels good to let out your anger back to the negative person, but all this does is to lower you to that same negative level and they won’t feel ashamed of themselves about that.
Negativity often affects happiness without even being realized. The negative words of another at the start of the day can cling to（附着）you throughout the rest of your day, which makes you feel bad and steals your happiness. Life is too short to feel negative. Stay positive and avoid negativity as much as possible.
1. The purpose of the first paragraph is to______.| A．make a comparison |
| B．offer an evidence |
| C．introduce a topic |
| D．describe a daily scene |
| A．By influencing our emotion. |
| B．By telling us the nature of life. |
| C．By changing our way of thinking. |
| D．By comparing their attitude to life with ours. |
| A．other people's pity for them |
| B．making other people unhappy |
| C．building up a positive attitude |
| D．other people’s respect for them |
| A．to change negative people’s attitude to life |
| B．to show our dissatisfaction to negative people |
| C．to make negative people feel ashamed of themselves |
| D．to communicate with negative people as little as possible |
