2 . Overspending can be defined as spending beyond one’s means, and is not rarely seen nowadays. According to a recent report, more than one-fourth of adults surveyed in 2020 had one or more bills that they were unable to pay in full that month.

While every individual’s spending habits are unique to their circumstances, a few common potential issues tend to be responsible for overspending.

Lifestyle creep, a financial trap, where you spend more money as you make more money, for example, often accounts for unrecognized overspending. Individuals that lack a decision-making process for making purchases can also find it difficult to control their spending.

Media and advertisements can also lead to overspending. Marketing strategies aim to create a feeling of scarcity (稀少) for consumers with phrases like “almost sold out” or “two tickets remaining” when they are making online purchases. Emails from favorite sellers can give consumers the impression that they are saving money by taking advantage of a sale, and roadside billboards can lead individuals to make impulsive (冲动的) purchases.

Social pressures to enjoy dinners out and vacations with family and friends may be a push for younger people, who see others enjoying these activities through social media platforms like Instagram. “People think spending makes you happy,” Elizabeth Dunn, professor at the University of British Columbia and chief science officer at Happy Money, says. “But for many people, it’s these values of being true to yourself that make you happy.”

Dunn notes that, “Failures in self-control in the finance can cause dire consequences. Financial stress, for example, has been linked to physical health struggles, problems in close relationships,and stress in retirement.”

“Dealing with overspending should start in bite - size pieces. Small and manageable changes over time are more likely to stick to in the long run. Instead of relying on willpower, setting specific goals and building a foundation with a budget is an effective way.” adds Dunn.

1. Why is a recent report mentioned in paragraph 1?

A．To explain what overspending is.

B．To stress the harm of overspending.

C．To tell a way to stop overspending.

D．To show overspending is common.

2. What do paragraphs 3~5 mainly talk about?

A．Possible causes of overspending.

B．Typical unhealthy spending habits.

C．Some unavoidable financial traps

D．Issues resulting from overspending.

3. What does the underlined word “dire” in paragraph 6 probably mean?

A．Pleasant.

B．Controllable.

C．Terrible.

D．Acceptable.

4. What is Elizabeth Dunn’s advice on overcoming overspending?

A．Making a reasonable budget.

B．Relying on personal willpower.

C．Setting grand and general goals.

D．Starting changing on the whole.