1 . My past students are starting to organize a scientific conference for my 60th birthday to be held about a year from now. Their gesture reminded me of Rabbi Hanina’s words: “I have learned much from my teachers, more from my colleagues and the most from my students.”

We all started as students. Just as kids bump into things as they’re learning to _________ the world, many of us have scars from early encounters with our mentors._________ arise when those mentors attempt to establish their authority by trying to make us respect traditional thinking. Memories of these events should encourage us to do better as we_________ roles and mentor others later in life.

For example, the first advice I received from my postdoctoral mentor was to develop specialized skills and focus them on a _________ field, where I would establish myself as the world expert._________ , I decided not to follow this advice as soon as I recognized by drilling down narrowly, one often fails to make further progress. In these situations, the potential for a _________improves with a broader and more flexible perspective, which enables “out of the box” opportunities for drilling deeper around it.

Keeping this in mind, I encourage my students to think broadly and _________ about the most exciting problems in astronomy, such as: “What happened before the big bang?”; “What will happen in our distant cosmic future?”; “What is the nature of dark matter?”; or “When did life start in the universe?”

It is customary to consider a student’s raw potential as a stand-alone commodity whose value can be_________ through examinations. But my experience taught me that young scientists do not blossom into exceptional researchers _________ they are supported by encouraging words and inspiration; these ingredients are as __________ as nutrition and water are for seeds of flowers.__________ the initial belief in the potential of a student to become a successful scientist, this outcome may not come true.

As chair of the Harvard astronomy department for almost a decade, I witnessed many examples of students who were initially very slow to make progress but blossomed academically as soon as they selected a different advisor and a new topic for their Ph. D. A good mentor__________ the strengths of the mentee. As a result, a successful mentoring experience often reflects a good __________ between a fledgling(新手的) scientist and an advisor. They should both be congratulated for their shared academic DNA.

On the one hand, mentors get a kick from Oscar Wilde’s insight: “Imitation is the sincerest form of flattery...” But on the other hand, they should allow students to break free from the __________ path with creativity. The rule of thumb is to give young scholars just enough space to explore freely and learn from their __________ without damaging the direction of their future careers. The learning curves could be steep; some of my 50 students over the past few decades started slow but eventually rose to the greatest heights. Patience is key.

2 . University students have wasted nearly £1bn on empty rooms in flat shares and halls of residence that they have been unable to use because of coronavirus restrictions this _______year, according to a new estimate.

The average student has so far paid £1, 621 in rent for empty rooms for which they have not received a _______, according to an annual survey of 1, 300 university students by money advice website Save the Student.

Two in five (43%) respondents said they had spent under three months on campus, while nearly half (46%) would have made _______decisions about where to live had they understood the likely impact of the pandemic on their education. One in three plan to ask their landlords for a break clause next year to give them more _______.

Hillary Gyebi-Ababio, the National Union of Students’ vice-president for higher education, said: “Students have been consistently _______during this pandemic. We are seen as cash cows, with many _______paying extortionate rents for properties they either cannot use or cannot afford.”

Students’ anger with high rents, which Save the Student estimates take up three-quarters of their maintenance loans at an average of £146 per week, _______on UK campuses this term as students launched the largest rent strike in 40 years.

There has been a patchy response from universities, private halls of residence and landlords, with some _______discounts while others have offered full rebates. The survey suggests a third of students have been offered a discount, which averages at £75, though this has been _______to just 6% of students in private rentals. Half of those surveyed were unhappy with their accommodation provider’s response.

On 14 February, 92 students at the School of Oriental and African Studies became the first to ________the outstanding 50% instalment of their tuition fee payments in protest at their university’s coronavirus response. They were ________by 1, 000 students-a fifth of the student body-who signed a petition asking for fee reductions.

The government has so far responded to students’ financial concerns with £70m in additional hardship funding, a figure that falls short of more ________packages in Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland.

Most students have been asked to remain at the address where they spent Christmas-in many cases their family homes-during lockdown. Plans for their ________are expected to be announced next week, ________university leaders are preparing for the possibility that many students will not be allowed on campus until 17 May, shortly before the end of the teaching year. St Andrews University and the London School of Economics have already told students that most will study online for the ________of the year.

4 . When it comes to nutrition, people in the United States often make poor choices. Sometimes bad eating habits are not the consequence of a lack of nutritional information or the unavailability of nutritious foods; some people simply choose to eat _______. They prefer to eat only the foods that taste delicious to them. Unfortunately, the decision to eat poorly has lasting _______. As many as half of all Americans are overweight. _______, many Americans suffer from conditions such as heart disease, high blood pressure, and adult-onset diabetes(糖尿病) that can also result from these poor lifestyle choices. If we want to live long, healthy lives, we must make better nutritional decisions. Otherwise, we could be _______ our health and our futures.

Proper nutrition begins with _______. The United States Department of Agriculture(USDA) issues food guidelines to help people to make appropriate nutritional choices. These guidelines are _______ in a USDA chart called the Food Guide Pyramid. The Pyramid is based on research into the specific types of nutrients needed for disease resistance and proper body weight.

According to the Pyramid, Americans should get most of their daily calories intake from bread, cereal, rice, and pasta, eating 6 to 11 servings of these foods per day. Whole-grain products are the best. The larger numbers of servings are only _______ people such as athletes, whose work includes a great deal of physical activity. Following this category are the fruit and vegetable categories, with a total suggested _______ of from 5 to 9 servings per day. This _______ the importance of fiber, vitamins, and minerals in maintaining a healthy lifestyle. The Pyramid’s other ________ include 2 to 3 servings of dairy products and 2 to 3 servings from a group that includes meat, fish, beans, and nuts. The USDA recommends that fats and sweets be eaten sparingly(一点点地).

There are many risk factors that ________ poor health. Among these are such lifestyle choices as improper nutrition and ________ exercise. Current research by the American Heart Association shows that heart disease very often begins when a person is a child. ________ this, many Americans think they can postpone healthy eating and proper exercise until they have health problems. Unfortunately, diseases are not generally ________ until symptoms begin, and by then it may be too late. To live long and productive lives, we must make proper choices now, including healthy ________ choices.

5 . How Common Is Sweatshop Labor?

The prevalence(普遍) of sweatshop labor depends largely on the definition being used. At its most ________ definition, in which the term refers to work in a confined space (small, surrounded by wall) that is extremely difficult or dangerous, sweatshops can be considered fairly common. If the definition being used is closely related to the commonly—held ________ of a factory with overworked, underpaid workers, sweatshop labor becomes less common than expected, ________ still prevalent in third—world countries. Following the definition of the United States Government Accountability Office, which states that a sweatshop is any workplace that violates one or more state and ________ labor laws, the prevalence soars, becoming very common. Using a mixture of these definitions, experts believe that roughly 50 percent of manufacturers — ________ in the clothing industry — employ sweatshop labor.

It can be ________ to figure out the exact number of sweatshops in a particular area due to the fact that these workplaces usually, if not always, violate labor laws. Violations include worker compensation(报酬) lower than minim wage, child labor, and a severe lack of safety regulations. ________, many of these locations tend to disguise their identities as sweatshops through a number of means, including bribery of government officials.

Another factor that ________ the prevalence of sweatshop labor is the economic situation in the country or region. Many individuals choose to work in sweatshops simply because there are no better alternatives ________ livelihood, even if the compensation still cannot support basic standards of living. This has led to a sharper increase in sweatshops in third—world economies, where there’s a ________. advantage to settling for (accept unwillingly) sweatshop labor rather than not working at all ________ , the abundance of individuals willing to work for such conditions gives employers more incentive to nun sweatshops, as the minimal investment in these workplaces yields higher profits.

Certain economists, such as Jeffrey Sachs and Benjamin Powell, argue against the popular opinion that sweatshop labor should be considered ________. Sweatshop advocates argue that the workplaces are a necessity for more impoverished countries, where sweatshop workers actually earn more than average. Sweatshops are considered an economic stimulus following this train of thought, employers following this philosophy are ________ to increase the number of sweatshops in poorer countries.

Other experts maintain, however, that ________ labor standards in third—world countries creates a downward spiral in which people are willing to work in increasingly worse situations. The demand for work is significantly larger than the number of jobs, making it nearly ________ that wages and employee rights will continue to trend downwards in response to desperation. Employers who follow this philosophy often make it a point to ensure that none of their laborers work in sweatshops.