1 . Modeste Traore has lived his whole life near Lake Wegnia, in the Sahel area of Mali. The lake’s fish have provided him with a way to earn money to support his extended family. How-ever, because he can’t catch enough fish to feed his family, he now raises farm animals. But as temperatures rise, evaporation increases, making the body of water shrinks. Studies have linked rising temperatures on Earth’s surface to climate change.

The lake is shrinking, so are the chances of his children becoming fishermen. “If things go on like this, I don’t think our children can become fishermen like us. They will have to choose other jobs,” the 56-year-old Traore said. “During the rainy season, there is a lot of water but as soon as it’s over, there is no water left in the lake. We are fishermen. I don’t think our children will be,” he said.

Lake Wegnia is in the Sahel region of Koulikoro, around 120 kilometers north of Mali’s capital, Bamako. Some 12,000 people, including fishermen and farmers, depend on it for food, water and employment. But the lake has shrunk by 20 percent since 2017.

The UN expects temperatures there to increase 1.5 times higher than the average increase worldwide. UN officials note that the flooding and a severe lack of rainfall can cause problems in the Sahel: Food insecurity, the fight over farmland and the fast population growth can lead to conflict.

Aid group is leading the Eco-Lac Wegnia project. The group is working to improve water management and fight the effects of global warming. Moussa Savagodo is Eco-Lac Wegnia’s local representative. He says that failing to make changes quickly can mean the lake will disappear completely in less than 5 years.

People in the rural areas Wegnia and Kononi-Sirakoro have planted 56,000 trees in the past two years. And they are better controlling their water by building stone barriers to help the soil keep the rain that does fall. The progress and international official support are not enough for them, however. More and more people are turning to other agriculture.

1. How did Traore work to support his family in the past?

A．By fishing.	B．By raising farm animals.
C．By taking charge of the lake.	D．By working as an environmentalist.

2. What effect will the current trend of the lake have according to Traore?

A．A lot of farmland will form.

B．The rainy season will end early.

C．Many fishermen will flee their homes.

D．The later generation will change their careers.

3. Which statement do the UN and Aid group agree with?

A．Drought and flood will directly cause conflict.

B．Reducing population is a way to protect the lake.

C．Water management makes no difference to the lake.

D．The rise in temperature will cause water resource problems.

4. What does the underlined word “they” in the last paragraph refer to?

A．The local officials.	B．The Aid group members.
C．The villagers.	D．The representatives.

2 . A 2015 survey found that two out of three U.S. teens owned an iPhone. For this reason, I call them iGen, and as I explain in my new book “iGen: Why Today’s Super-Connected Kids are Growing up Less Rebellious(反叛的), More Tolerant, Less Happy-and Completely Unprepared for Adulthood,”    1    .

What makes iGen different?     2    . They spend so much time on the internet, texting friends and on social media—in the large surveys I analyzed for the book, an average of about six hours per day—that they have less leisure time for everything else.

That includes what was once the favorite activity of most teens:    3    . Whether it’s going to parties, shopping at the mall, watching movies or aimlessly driving around, iGen teens are participating in these social activities at a significantly lower rate than previous generations.

    4    : In the annual Monitoring the Future survey, the percentage of high school seniors who read a nonrequired book or magazine nearly every day dropped from 60 percent in 1980 to only 16 percent in 2015.

This isn’t to say that iGen teens don’t have a lot going for them.     5     . They also seem to have a stronger work ethic and more realistic expectations than millennials(千禧一代) did at the same age.

To be clear, moderate smartphone and social media use—up to an hour a day—is not linked to mental health issues. However, most teens (and adults) are on their phones much more than that.

A．spending most of their free time on screens

B．hanging out with their friends

C．They would rather see their friends in person than communicate with them using their phones

D．Growing up with a smartphone has affected nearly every aspect of their lives

E．They are physically safer and more tolerant than previous generations were

F．They’re the first generation to spend their adolescence with a smartphone

G．In addition, iGen reads books, magazines and newspapers much less than previous generations did as teens

3 . Many people spend more than four hours per day on WeChat, and it is redefining the word “friend.” Does friending someone on social media make him or her your friend in real life?

Robin Dunbar, a professor at Oxford University, found that only 15, of the 150 Facebook friends the average user has, could be counted as actual friends and only five as close friends. WeChat may show a similar pattern.

Those, with whom you attended a course together, applied for the same part-time job, went to a party and intended to cooperate but failed, take up most of your WeChat friends. In chat records, the only message may be a system notice, “You have accepted somebody’s friend request”. Sometimes when seeing some photos shared on “Moments”, you even need several minutes to think about when you became friends. Also, you may be disturbed by mass messages sent from your unfamiliar “friends”, including requests for voting for their children or friends, links from Pinduoduo.com (a Chinese e-commerce platform that allows users to buy items at lower prices if they purchase in groups) and cookie-cutter blessings in holidays.

You would have thought about deleting this type of “friends” and sort out your connections. But actually you did not do that as you were taught that social networking is valuable to one’s success. Besides, it would be really awkward if they found that you have unfriended them already. Then, you keep increasing your “friends” in social media and click “like” on some pictures that you are not really interested. But the fact is that deep emotional connections do not come with the increasing number of your friends in social media.

If the number of your friends reaches 150, maintaining these relationships can be tough to you, and sometimes even will make you anxious. According to Robin Dunbar, 150 is the limit of the number of people with whom one can maintain stable social relationships.

1. What can we learn from Robin Dunbar’s finding in Paragraph 2?

A．A Facebook user has 250 friends on average.

B．Most of the social media friends can be actual friends.

C．Among our social media friends, only a few people matter.

D．Only 15 people of a person’s Facebook friends can be close friends.

2. What does the third paragraph tell us about most of your WeChat friends?

A．You have deep communication with them.

B．You benefit a lot from their mass messages.

C．You just have a nodding acquaintance with them.

D．You become friends with them in important occasions.

3. What can we infer from the last paragraph?

A．We will be anxious if we make friends online.

B．We should avoid making any friends in social media.

C．We should make as many friends as possible in social media.

D．We have difficulty managing relationships with over 150 people.

4 . A new study of 8,000 young people in the Journal of Health and Social Behavior shows that although love can make adults live healthily and happily, it is a bad thing for young people. Puppy love (早恋), may bring stress for young people and can lead to depression. The study shows that girls become more depressed than boys, and younger girls are the worst of all.

The possible reason for the connection between love and higher risk of depression for girls is “loss of self”. According to the study, even though boys would say “lose themselves in a romantic relationship”, this “loss of self” is much more likely to lead to depression when it happens to girls. Young girls who have romantic relationships usually like hiding their feelings and opinions. They won’t tell that to their parents.

Dr.Marianm Kaufman, an expert on young people problems, says 15% to 20% young people will have depression during their growing. Trying romance often causes the depression. She advises kids not to jump into romance too early. During growing up, it is important for young people to build strong friendships and a strong sense of self. She also suggests the parents should encourage their kids to keep close to their friends, attend more interesting school activities and spend enough time with family.

Parents should watch for signs of depression-eating or mood changes-and if they see signs from their daughters or sons, they need to give help. The good news is that the connection between romance and depression seems to become weak with age. Love will always make us feel young, but only maturity gives us a chance to avoid its bad side effects.

1. What’s the main idea of the passage?

A．Romance is a two-edged sword for adults.

B．Puppy love may bring young people depression.

C．Parents should forbid their children’s love.

D．Romance is good for young people.

2. Which of the following is more likely to have depression?

A．Careless parents whose children are deep in love.

B．Young people who have a strong sense of selfishness.

C．Young boys whose parents watch for their behavior.

D．Young girls who always hide their feelings and opinions.

3. What can be inferred from the passage?

A．Lacking love can lead young people to grow up more quickly.

B．Early love makes young people keep close to their friends and parents.

C．The older a woman is, the less likely she seems to lose herself in romance.

D．Parents should help their children to be aware of the signs of depression.

4. What’s the author’s attitude towards puppy love?

A．Confused	B．Neutral
C．Scared	D．Disapproving