| A．Fifty | B．Five | C．Fifteen |
Bemidji high school senior Jaxon Anderson is
“I
Spiderman’s pictures are just the
High school seniors no longer want to graduate with a regular yearbook picture.
The goal for many seniors — especially the girls — is to end up with an
3 . Psychologists take opposing views of how external (外部的) rewards, from warm praise to cold cash, affect motivation and creativity. Behaviorists, who study the relation between actions and their consequences, argue that rewards can improve performance at work and school. Some other researchers who study various aspects of mental life, state that rewards often destroy creativity by encouraging dependence on approval and gifts from others.
The latter view has gained many supporters, especially among educators. But the careful use of small monetary rewards inspires creativity in grade-school children, according to a study in the June Journal Personality and Social Psychology.
“If they know they're working for a reward and can focus on a relatively challenging task, they show the most creativity,” says Robert Esenberger of the University of Delaware in Newark. “But it's easy to kill creativity by giving rewards for poor performance or creating too much expectation for rewards.”
Esenberger holds the view that a teacher who continually draws attention to rewards or who hands out high grades for ordinary achievement ends up with uninspired students. As an example of the latter point, he notes growing efforts to tighten grading standards and restore falling grades at major universities.
In earlier grades, the use of so-called token economics, in which students handle challenging problems and receive performance-based points towards valued rewards, shows promise in raising effort and creativity, the Delaware psychologist claims.
1. Psychologists are divided about their attitudes toward ________.| A．the appropriate amount of external rewards |
| B．the effects of external rewards on students' performance |
| C．the study of relationship between actions and consequences |
| D．the choice between moral encouragement and monetary rewards |
| A．Students’ grading standards. | B．The performance of problems. |
| C．Students’ expectation for rewards. | D．The careful use of rewarding system. |
| A．Giving them rewards they expect. |
| B．Giving them rewards they really deserve. |
| C．Assigning them tasks which require inventiveness. |
| D．Assigning them tasks they have not dealt with before. |
| A．Opposed | B．Supportive | C．Objective | D．Doubtful |
California is burning.In recent weeks, hundreds of fires
Fire has always been a part of life California.
The forces working in concert to spark and spread wildfires pose
5 . Sustainability(可持续性), one of the biggest topics of the last decade, has become the ray of hope to protect the planet. It's a topic we can't ignore and we must act now in a more sustainable way.
What does that mean for the world of technology? E-waste is one of the planet's biggest contributing waste problems.
Not only e-waste, but the materials that go into tech products are part of the problem. Take the smartphone industry for example, dozens of metals, minerals which have to be taken from the earth(including 16 of 17 rare metals) go into making phones. And with demand for mobile phones bigger than ever, it's a problem that needs to be solved.
With a challenge comes an opportunity, and there's already some progress happening - great news for those of us wanting to be more sustainable with our tech. People used to turn their noses up at the idea of a second-hand product, but there's been a huge increase in demand for refurbished tech(翻新技术). For example, refurbished smartphone sales in the US have risen by 28% in the last 12 months while brand new sales have fallen by 21%.
Many communities are making an effort to deal with e-waste as well. Cities, schools, or churches will sometimes hold events to collect e-waste and send it to recycling centers. Some companies even offer buy-back programs where people will be given cash if they turn in old devices.
So the next time you want to deal with your e-waste, whether a smartphone, a laptop, an MP4 player or other, consider the more environmentally-friendly choices. It is possible to be sustainable with your tech after all.
1. What is the main purpose of paragraph 1?| A．To explain what is sustainability. |
| B．To introduce the topic of the text. . |
| C．To give us an example of sustainability. |
| D．To show different topics of sustainability. |
| A．E-waste is the biggest waste problem. |
| B．E-waste can't be dealt with in the end. |
| C．People act in a more sustainable way than before. |
| D．People would choose second-hand products in the past. |
| A．MP4 players | B．e-books |
| C．laptops | D．smartphones |
| A．Doubtful. | B．Unclear, |
| C．Negative. | D．Supportive. |
6 . At approximately 10:15pm, Janice Esposito began the 20-minute drive to her family from the train station in Port Bell, New York. She has traveled the
As it happened, Pete Di Pinto was about to go to bed. As soon as he
The first car he met was
Di Pinto
| A．way | B．destination | C．route | D．crossing |
| A．then | B．still | C．even | D．rather |
| A．nowhere | B．somewhere | C．something | D．nothing |
| A．wheels | B．glass | C．engine | D．airbags |
| A．cheeked | B．closed | C．painted | D．threw |
| A．never | B．sometimes | C．ever | D．always |
| A．flashlight | B．jacket | C．extinguisher | D．candle |
| A．review | B．retire | C．recover | D．return |
| A．only | B．rather | C．quite | D．last |
| A．reached | B．touched | C．hit | D．slipped |
| A．declared | B．looked | C．commented | D．concluded |
| A．coming | B．signaling | C．greeting | D．bringing |
| A．rushed | B．Walked | C．wandered | D．continued |
| A．window | B．handle | C．door | D．seat |
| A．said | B．felt | C．seemed | D．believed |
| A．train | B．car | C．river | D．rails |
| A．off | B．up | C．on | D．through |
| A．locked | B．pushed | C．folded | D．dragged |
| A．house | B．life | C．safety | D．platform |
| A．counted | B．concluded | C．timed | D．estimated |
7 . Getting less sleep has become a bad habit for most American kids. According to a new survey(调查) by the National Sleep Foundation, 51% of kids aged 10 to 18 go to bed at 10 pm or later on school nights, even though they have to get up early. Last year the Foundation reported that nearly 60% of 7- to 12-year-olds said they felt tired during the day, and 15% said they had fallen asleep at school.
How much sleep you need depends a lot on your age. Babies need a lot of rest: most of them sleep about 18 hours a day! Adults need about eight hours. For most school-age children, ten hours is ideal(理想的). But the new National Sleep Foundation survey found that 35% of 10- to 12-year-olds get only seven or eight hours. And guess what almost half of the surveyed kids said they do before bedtime? Watch TV.
“More children are going to bed with TVs on, and there are more opportunities(机会) to stay awake, with more homework, the Internet and the phone,” says Dr. Mary Carskadon, a sleep researcher at Brown University Medical School. She says these activities at bedtime can get kids all excited and make it hard for them to calm down and sleep. Other experts say part of the problem is chemical. Changing levels of body chemicals called hormones not only make teenagers’ bodies develop adult characteristics, but also make it hard for teenagers to fall asleep before 11 pm.
Because sleepiness is such a problem for teenagers, some school districts have decided to start high school classes later than they used to. Three years ago, schools in Edina, Minnesota, changed the start time from 7:25 am to 8:30 am. Students, parents and teachers are pleased with the results.
1. What is the new National Sleep Foundation survey on?| A．American kids’ sleeping habits. | B．Teenagers’ sleep-related diseases. |
| C．Activities to prevent sleeplessness. | D．Learning problems and lack of sleep. |
| A．7 hours. | B．8 hours. |
| C．10 hours. | D．18 hours. |
| A．They are affected by certain body chemicals. |
| B．They tend to do things that excite them. |
| C．They follow their parents’ examples. |
| D．They don’t need to go to school early. |
