1 . A newly published study shows that chess players perform objectively worse and — make more suboptimal (次最优的) moves when there is more fine particulate matter (颗粒物) in the air.
“We find that when individuals are exposed to higher levels of air pollution, they make more mistakes, and they make larger mistakes,” says Juan Palacios, a co-author of a newly published paper detailing the study’s findings.
Scholars have produced many studies exploring the effects of air pollution on cognition. The current study adds to that literature by analyzing the subject in a particularly controlled setting. The scholars used three web-connected sensors inside the tournament venue to measure carbon dioxide, PM2.5 concentrations, and temperature, all of which, can, be affected by external conditions, even in an indoor setting.
To evaluate the matter of performance of players, meanwhile, the scholars used software programs that assess each move made in each chess match, identify optimal decisions, and flag significant errors. During the tournaments, the researchers examined and ruled out alternate potential explanations for the dip in player performance, such as increased noise. They also found that carbon dioxide and temperature changes did not correspond to performance changes. Ultimately, the analysis confirms that the findings are driven by the direct exposure to air particles.
The researchers also found that when air pollution was worse, the chess, players performed even more poorly when under time constraints. The tourmament rules required that 40 moves had to be made within 110 minutes; for moves 31-40 in all, the matches, an air pollution, increase of 10 micro-grams per cubic meter led to an increased probability of error of 3.2 percent, with the magnitude of those errors increasing by 17.3 percent. And while the focus of this particular study is tightly focused on chess players, the findings have strong implications for high-skilled office workers.
1. What does the study find about air pollution?A.It becomes more and more serious in the gym. |
B.It can help evaluate chess players’ performance. |
C.It may affect more people with mental processes. |
D.It can’t be affected by indoor surroundings. |
A.To measure carbon dioxide and temperature. |
B.To assess the performance of players. |
C.To help players make great moves. |
D.To distinguish players’ errors in time. |
A.Limit. | B.Freedom. | C.Consumption. | D.Measurement. |
A.Various reasons for chess players’ mistakes. |
B.A new research on chess players’ performance. |
C.Scholars’ concern about chess players’ health. |
D.The influence of air pollution on chess players. |
2 . If you go to a fast food restaurant, you will probably see a lot of children. Today, some children are too fat, and this is because of their bad eating habits (习惯). Most children are fond of food with a lot of fat, oil, salt and sugar. People call this kind of food “junk food”.
We find many children eat unhealthily. Some don’t have breakfast before they go to school. During the day, some don’t have proper (正常的) food for lunch. They don’t like vegetables, and many of them don’t like to eat fruit. They love to eat food with a lot of salt, sugar or fat.
Parents today worry about their children’s eating habits. Some doctors advise (建议) children to eat healthily.
*Children shouldn’t eat too much junk food.
*Children should eat some fruit and vegetables every day.
*Children should drink more milk.
*Children should eat breakfast every day.
1. The underlined (划线的) phrase are fond of in the first paragraph means ________.A.dislike | B.love | C.hate | D.hope |
A.food with little salt and milk | B.food with much sugar and fat |
C.vegetables and fruit | D.cola and hamburgers |
A.Keeping good eating habits | B.Eating unhealthy food is bad |
C.Eating fast food is good | D.Eating healthily worries parents |
According to the report, the picture of the earth in the year 2020 is not a
Food production will
A.learning | B.project | C.notice | D.study |
A.pleased | B.pleasant | C.safe | D.blue |
A.dangerous | B.beautiful | C.crowded | D.terrible |
A.no more than | B.as many as | C.as much as | D.as large as |
A.developing | B.developed | C.big | D.mountainous |
A.none | B.each | C.all | D.neither |
A.insist | B.reduce | C.increase | D.continue |
A.so | B.but | C.or | D.however |
A.already | B.hardly | C.partly | D.never |
A.wanted | B.lacked | C.found | D.expected |
A.destroying | B.protecting | C.disturbing | D.interrupting |
A.saved | B.lost | C.discovered | D.found |
A.Air pollution | B.Water pollution | C.Some diseases | D.All farmland |
A.animals | B.plants | C.forests | D.people |
A.must be true | B.will come true | C.can't be true | D.may be wrong |
A.happens | B.develops | C.exists | D.appears |
A.settling | B.working out | C.answering | D.dealing |
A.no | B.still | C.less | D.plenty of |
A.about | B.in | C.out | D.for |
A.working | B.suggesting | C.spending | D.waiting |
Teacher: Shh! Listen carefully!
Teacher: Did you hear that? No? How about this?
Teacher: If you couldn’t hear the first one, it means you’re not a dog! [Laugh.] Dogs can hear very high frequency sounds, but people can’t. And if you could hear the second one, you’re younger than 25.
Student: Wow! Why is that?
Teacher: Our ears change when we get older. Children and young people can hear the second one, but most people older than 25 can’t.
Conversation 2
Teacher: Today’s topic is “Should teenagers date?” Team A, please begin.
Team A: We say no, they shouldn’t. One reason is that teenagers are too young. They should think about schoolwork and spend more time studying
Team B: We don’t agree with Team A. Our answer is Yes. Teenagers can date if they want. It is quite natural for a teenager at that age to feel he or she likes somebody. We think it’s possible for teenagers to date and study at the same time.
Teacher: Team A?
1. What are they learning about in Conversation 1?
A.Dogs | B.Sounds. | C.Hearing. | D.People |
A.schoolwork | B.dating | C.teenager | D.relationships |
A.Nature Club and Ballet Club. | B.Ballet Club and Nature Club. |
C.Science Club and Debate Club. | D.Debate Club and Science Club. |