1 . Suppose you become a leader in an organization. It’s very likely that you’ll want to have volunteers to help with the organization’s activities. To do so, it should help to understand why people undertake volunteer work and what keeps their interest in the work.
Let’s begin with the question of why people volunteer. Researchers have identified several factors that motivate people to get involved. For example, people volunteer to express personal values related to unselfishness, to expand their range of experiences, and to strengthen social relationships. If volunteer positions do not meet these needs, people may not wish to participate. To select volunteers, you may need to understand the motivations of the people you wish to attract.
People also volunteer because they are required to do so. To increase levels of community service, some schools have launched compulsory volunteer programs. Unfortunately, these programs can shift people’s wish of participation from an internal factor (e.g. “I volunteer because it’s important to me”) to an external factor (e.g. “I volunteer because I’m required to do so”). When that happens, people become less likely to volunteer in the future. People must be sensitive to this possibility when they make volunteer activities a must.
Once people begin to volunteer, what leads them to remain in their positions over time? To answer this question, researchers have conducted follow-up studies in which they track volunteers over time. For instance, one study followed 238 volunteers in Florida over a year. One of the most important factors that influenced their satisfaction as volunteers was the amount of suffering they experienced in their volunteer positions. Although this result may not surprise you, it leads to important practical advice. The researchers note that attention should be given to “training methods that would prepare volunteers for troublesome situations or provide them with strategies for coping with the problem they do experience”.
Another study of 302 volunteers at hospitals in Chicago focused on individual differences in the degree to which people view “volunteer” as an important social role. It was assumed that those people for whom the role of volunteer was most part of their personal identity would also be most likely to continue volunteer work. Participants indicated the degree to which the social role mattered by responding to statements such as “Volunteering in Hospital is an important part of who I am.” Consistent with the researchers’ expectations, they found a positive correlation(正相关) between the strength of role identity and the length of time people continued to volunteer. These results, once again, lead to concrete advice: “Once an individual begins volunteering, continued efforts might focus on developing a volunteer role identity....Items like T-shirts that allow volunteers to be recognized publicly for their contributions can help strengthen role identity”.
1. People volunteer mainly out of __________.A.ac![]() | B.social expectations |
C.financial rewards | D.internal needs |
A.Follow-up studies should last for one year. | B.Volunteers should get mentally prepared. |
C.Strategy training is a must in research. | D.Volunteers are provided with concrete advice. |
A.Individual differences in role identity. | B.Publicly identifiable volunteer T-shirts. |
C.Role identity as a volunteer. | D.Practical advice from researchers. |
A.How to Get People to Volunteer | B.How to Study Volunteer Behaviors |
C.How to Keep Volunteers’ Interest | D.How to Organize Volunteer Activities |
2 . One of the easiest things in the world is to become a fault-finder. However, life can be
Several years ago I
Unfortunately, it took a horrible accident to change her
Perhaps most of us aren’t as extreme at fault-finding,
Train yourself to "bite your tongue", and with a little
A.lonely | B.great | C.quiet | D.uneasy |
A.received | B.answered | C.expected | D.rejected |
A.threatened | B.interrupted | C.bothered | D.spoiled |
A.anything | B.everything | C.something | D.nothing |
A.caring | B.boring | C.interesting | D.surprising |
A.attitude | B.plan | C.measure | D.explanation |
A.urgent | B.unnecessary | C.certain | D.impossible |
A.occasion | B.event | C.accident | D.adventure |
A.memory | B.notice | C.evidence | D.choice |
A.hear | B.contribute | C.express | D.admit |
A.aware of | B.afraid of | C.curious about | D.confused about |
A.discuss | B.realize | C.judge | D.settle |
A.family | B.life | C.career | D.education |
A.so | B.or | C.but | D.for |
A.proud | B.sure | C.hopeful | D.critical |
A.face | B.create | C.solve | D.ignore |
A.rarer | B.better | C.stranger | D.worse |
A.at least | B.at last | C.by far | D.so far |
A.task | B.deal | C.result | D.duty |
A.practice | B.speech | C.rest | D.pity |
"Women tend to be social in their behavior.They often share with others.But men lend to be competitive.They are trying to improve their social status," said Professor Ryan.
Generally, people believe that the hormone oxytocin is let out in our body in various social situations and our body creates a large amount of it during positive social interactions (互动) such as falling in love or giving birth.
But in a previous experiment Professor Ryan found that the hormone is also let out in our body during negative social interactions such as envy.
Further researches showed that in men the hormone oxytocin improves the ability to recognize competitive relationships, but in women it raises the ability to recognize friendship.
Professor Ryan's recent experiment used 62 men and women aged 20 to 37.Half of the participants(参与者)received oxytocin.The other half received placebo (安慰剂).
After a week, the two groups switched with participants.They went through the same procedure with the other material.
Following each treatment, they were shown some video pictures with different social interactions.Then they were asked to analyze the relationships by answering some questions.The questions were about telling friendship from competition.And their answers should be based on gestures, body language and facial expressions.
The results indicated that, after treatment with oxytocin, men's ability to correctly recognize competitive relationships improved, but in women it was the ability to correctly recognize friendship that got better.
Professor Ryan thus concluded: "Our experiment proves that the hormone oxytocin can raise people's abilities to better distinguish different social interactions.And the behavior differences between men and women are caused by biological factors (因素) that are mainly hormonal."
1. What causes men and women to behave differently according to the text?
A.Placebo. | B.Oxytocin. |
C.The gesture. | D.The social status. |
A.Oxytocin affects our behavior in a different way. |
B.Our body lets out oxytocin when we are deep in love. |
C.Our body produces oxytocin when we feel unhappy about others' success. |
D.Oxytocin improves our abilities to understand people's behavior differences. |
A.To test the effect of oxytocin on the ability to recognize social interactions. |
B.To know the differences between friendship and competition. |
C.To know people's different abilities to answer questions. |
D.To test people's understanding of body language. |
A.explaining people's behaviors |
B.describing his own experiences |
C.distinguishing sexual differences |
D.discussing research experiments |