1 . Vitamin C for a cold? A good dose of Vitamin D on a sunny day? We all know that vitamins are critical for our health, but how did they get their names and when were they discovered in the first place?
American nutrition scientist Elmer McCullum conducted a variety of feed experiments with different animal populations and discovered that an “accessory” substance contained in some fats was essential to growth. That fat-soluble (脂溶的) substance became known as Vitamin “A” for “accessory.”
McCollum and others also conducted further experiments with rice-bran-derived nutrient, naming it Vitamin “B” after beriberi, which can cause heart failure and a loss of sensation in the legs and feet. Eventually, it turned out that the substance known as Vitamin B was a complex of eight water-soluble vitamins, which were each given individual names and numbered in order of discovery.
The custom of naming vitamins alphabetically in order of discovery continued. Today, four fat-soluble vitamins (A, D, E, and K) and nine water-soluble vitamins (Vitamin C and the eight B vitamins) are considered essential to human growth and health. Only one vitamin bucked the oh-so-logical naming system: Vitamin K, discovered by Danish researcher Carl Peter Henrik Dam in 1929. The substance should have been in line to be called Vitamin F given its discovery date. But Dam’s research revealed that the vitamin is essential for blood coagulation (凝固) — known as Koagulation in the German journal that published his research — and his abbreviation for the vitamin somehow stuck.
It’s been decades since the last essential vitamin — Vitamin B12 — was discovered in 1948. It now appears unlikely that scientists will ever discover a new essential vitamin. But even if there’s no Vitamin F or G in our future, that doesn’t mean nutritional discovery has stopped completely. If the golden age of vitamin discovery was an appetizer (开胃菜) of sorts, scientists are devoted to the main course — a rapidly evolving understanding of the ways food shapes our lives, one microscopic substance at a time.
1. What can we learn from paragraph 2 and paragraph 3?A.Vitamin A is a water-soluble substance. |
B.Vitamin B was named after a kind of disease. |
C.The eight B vitamins got names from their functions. |
D.The subjects of McCullum’s experiments are home. |
A.Created. | B.Destroyed. | C.Broke. | D.Followed. |
A.Indifferent. | B.Unclear. | C.Doubtful. | D.Confident. |
A.How Do Vitamins Influence Our Health? |
B.Who Discovered Various Vitamins for Us? |
C.Why Is There a Vitamin K but No Vitamin F? |
D.How Many Vitamins Are Still Left to Be Discovered? |
2 . Putri Prihardinni, a freshman at the Gansu University of Chinese Medicine, is amazed at how traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) has continued to develop since she began studying it a year ago.
When she was 10, she
“His medical skills were like magic,” Prihardinni recalls. The
Also from Indonesia, 21-year-old Banon Sayekti is one of Prihardinni’s
“Chinese people believe that good health requires a
Many overseas students,
“People in my country are becoming increasingly interested in TCM. Numerous social media vloggers(视频博主) in my country are
As for Prihardinni, she wishes to obtain a postgraduate degree. “TCM study is a lifelong
A.recovered | B.suffered | C.escaped | D.prevented |
A.receiving | B.sharing | C.consuming | D.checking |
A.hope | B.purpose | C.discovery | D.memory |
A.continue | B.pursue | C.expect | D.appreciate |
A.classmates | B.professors | C.doctors | D.patients |
A.admitted | B.devoted | C.committed | D.exposed |
A.challenging | B.unwilling | C.surprising | D.exciting |
A.mixture | B.balance | C.collection | D.range |
A.get used to | B.get down to | C.pay attention to | D.look forward to |
A.total | B.overall | C.regular | D.usual |
A.therefore | B.besides | C.otherwise | D.however |
A.due to | B.instead of | C.apart from | D.as for |
A.assessing | B.remarking | C.documenting | D.advertising |
A.painstaking | B.fundamental | C.trustworthy | D.game-changing |
A.honour | B.concept | C.experience | D.endeavour |
3 . Telemedicine is the name for when doctors give advice to patients by telephone or the Internet, or when health care providers in rural areas connect with specialists in big cities.
Telemedicine has existed for a long time, but the rise of smart phones, tablets and webcam-equipped computers is raising telemedicine to new levels. Some health care systems in the United States now offer Virtual Urgent Care, patients see a doctor by video chat without having to leave home.
Diana Rae is a nurse educator in the western state of Washington. She recently showed how Virtual Urgent Care works. She used an iPad tablet and skype — the video chat service.
Doctor Green has the patient describe her symptoms, then the doctor performs a physical exam by demonstrating what he wants her to do. Doctor Green decides that the problem is a silence infection. For medicine, he prescribes an antibiotic. He says about 3 out of 4 patients have health problems that can be treated like this —through Virtual Urgent Care, that means a video chat could replace a visit to the doctor's office.
The Franciscan Health System is based in Tacoma, Washington. Franciscan charges $35 for this kind of virtual house call, that is much less than the cost of going to an emergency room, a doctor's office or an urgent care clinic.
After trying the video conference, Diana Rae says, “I would've paid twice that for the convenience of getting taken care of without having to sit in a waiting room, wait, and get exposed to everyone else's germs.”
Franciscan has a deal with a company called Carena to add virtual urgent care by Skype or phone. Carena is one of several companies doing this kind of work around the country. But a company official says state rules have not kept progress with developments in telemedicine. The workers who provide virtual urgent care must be separately licensed in each state where the company does business. For now, that means Carena doctors can treat patients in Washington state and California for example, but not in neighboring Oregon or Idaho.
1. The second paragraph is mainly used to show ________.A.why telemedicine becomes popular | B.the advantages of telemedicine |
C.what telemedicine is | D.many factors contribute to telemedicine |
A.through his observation of the patient | B.through a careful examination |
C.by prescribing an antibiotic | D.by knowing what he wants her to do |
A.are tough to deal with | B.can be treated through a video chat |
C.should result from work pressure | D.nearly cost little to recover |
A.he finds it convenient to see a doctor by using a video chat |
B.he sings high praise for this kind of treatment form |
C.he must be tired of waiting too long in the hospital |
D.it should be very unhealthy while staying in hospital |
A.Bill | B.Dick | C.John |
A study into how lazy British people are has found more than half of adults are so idle that they’d catch the lift rather than climb two flights of stairs.
Just over 2,000 people were quizzed by independent researchers at Nuffield Health, Britain’s largest health charity. The results were startling.
About one in six people surveyed said if their remote control was broken, they would continue watching the same channel rather than get up.
More than one third of those questioned said they would not run to catch a bus. Worryingly, of the 654 respondents with children, 64% said they were often too tired to play with them.
This led the report to conclude that it’s no wonder that one in six children in the UK are classified as obese before they start school. Dr Sarah Dauncey, medical director of Nuffield Health, said, “People need to get fitter, not just for their own sake, but for the sake of their families, friends and evidently their pets too. If we don’t start to take control of this problem, a whole generation will become too unfit to perform even the simple tasks.”
And Scotland’s largest city, Glasgow, was shamed as the most indolent city in the UK, with 75% surveyed admitting they do not get enough exercise, followed closely by Birmingham and Southampton, both with 67%.
The results pose serious challenges for the National Health Service, where obesityrelated illnesses such as heart disease and cancer have been on a steady increase for the past 40 years and are costing billions of pounds every year.
1. What do lazy British people probably choose to do?
A.Go to stores. | B.Catch the lift. |
C.Cook from scratch. | D.Climb flights of stairs. |
A.About 419. | B.About 333. |
C.About 654. | D.About 1280. |
A.People will not get enough exercise. |
B.People will not have enough money. |
C.People will not be able to do the easy job. |
D.People will not cure themselves of heart disease. |
A.Indifferent. | B.Doubtful. |
C.Negative. | D.Supportive. |