1 . PRACTITIONERS

Jacqueline Felice de Almania (c.1322) highlights the suspicion that women practicing medicine faced. Born to a Jewish family in Florence, she moved to Paris where she worked as a physician and performed surgery. In 1322 she was tried for practicing unlawfully. In spite of the court hearing testimonials (证明) of her ability as a doctor, she was banned from medicine.	James Barry (c.1789 — 1865) was born Margaret Bulkley in Ireland but, dressed as a man, she was accepted by Edinburgh University to study medicine. She qualified as a surgeon in 1813, then joined the British Army, serving overseas. Barry retired in 1859, having practiced her entire medical profession living and working as a man.
Tan Yunxian (1461 — 1554) was a Chinese physician who learned her skills from her grandparents. Chinese women at the time could not serve apprenticeships (学徒期) with doctors. However, Tan passed the official exam. Tan treated women from all walks of life. In 1511, Tan wrote a book, Sayings of a Female Doctor, describing her life as a physician.	Rebecca Lee Crumpler (1831 — 1895) worked as a nurse for eight years before studying in medical college in Boston in 1860. Four years later, she was the first African American woman to receive a medical degree. She moved to Virginia in 1865, where she provided medical care to freed slaves.

1. What did Jacqueline and James have in common?

A．Doing teaching jobs.	B．Being hired as physicians.
C．Performing surgery.	D．Being banned from medicine.

2. How was Tan Yunxian different from the other practitioners?

A．She wrote a book.	B．She went through trials.
C．She worked as a dentist.	D．She had formal education.

3. Who was the first African American with a medical degree?

A．Jacqueline Felice de Almania.	B．Tan Yunxian.
C．James Barry.	D．Rebecca Lee Crumpler.

2 . 阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。

Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) is a health care system in which patients     1     (treat) with natural plant, animal, and mineral remedies (药物). It is assumed, for a person to be healthy,     2     yin and yang forces should he in balance. Imbalance causes illness or injury. TCM is about     3     (restore) the balance between yin and yang forces in patients. It has been a major part of traditional Chinese culture and continues to play     4     vital role in medical treatment in China today.

According to the World Health Organization, nearly 80 percent of the world's population depends for its primary health care needs    5     medicines from plants and animals. This is especially true in countries where traditional medicines are     6     (wide) used.

Increasingly, however, modern medicines also contain substances from animals and plants. Given growing populations, increasing wealth, and the spreading    7     (popular) of natural remedies around the world, the demand for these medicines and remedies     8     (rise) now. The rising demand,     9     (combine) with reduced habitat, has caused an alarming increase in the number of plant and animal species used for medicinal purposes at risk for many years. For instance, TCM uses about 1,000 plant and 36 animal species, including the tiger, rhinoceros, and sea horse,     10     are all in danger.

3 . Research into social robots has shown that machines that are at the cutting edge of interaction can respond to feelings and emotionally care for the weak, the elderly and children.

Robin was designed as a companion robot to provide emotional support for children receiving medical treatment. Robin explains medical procedures to them, plays games and tells stories, and during treatment distracts them to reduce their sense of pain. The robot uses AI to understand other people’s feelings, remembering facial expressions and conversations to build dialogue for follow-up sessions. In trials at the Wigmore Medical (UK) Pediatric Clinic in Yerevan, Armenia, the team found that Robin led to a 34% decrease in stress and an increase in happiness of 26% in the 120 children who interacted with him at least once.

Healthcare robots could all benefit from displaying emotional intelligence, both recognizing and responding to human emotions, and to some extent, managing them. The problem with this is the fear that human jobs may be lost as robots become better at handling social situations.

Population trends suggest that the demand for robots to work alongside people in care situations will grow over time. By 2050, the number of people aged 65 and over globally will be 1.6 billion (17%), roughly twice the proportion of what it is today. An extra 3.5 million care workers will be needed and that will include emotionally intelligent robots.

Today’s simple systems are being trained to meet that demand. This includes a little wheeled robot that can guess how you are feeling from the way you walk, and the robot from the University of Lincoln in the UK —who helps elderly people to stay physically and mentally active.

The impact of social robots on our lives to date has been tiny. But new models are being introduced that could make the breakthrough. Human emotions are difficult to define, but as trust in robots increases, breaking down the psychological barrier becomes easier to imagine.

1. What are social robots uniquely capable of?

A．Lifting heavy packages upstairs for weak people.

B．Teaching mentally ill teens emotional expressions.

C．Cooking delicious dishes for the disabled at home.

D．Playing songs for blind people on their request.

2. What is paragraph 2 mainly about?

A．Robin’s function to reduce pain.

B．Robin’s popularity in hospitals.

C．Robin’s practical application.

D．Robin’s success in passing tests.

3. How is paragraph 4 developed?

A．By concluding viewpoints.

B．By analyzing causes.

C．By making comparison.

D．By giving definition.

4. What does the author think of human job replacement by robots?

A．It is already happening throughout UK.

B．Humans need to work hard to secure jobs.

C．Robots can only meet basic human needs.

D．It’s an unstoppable and beneficial trend.

4 . An internship (实习) is a great way to gain valuable experience in your chosen future career. Here, we offer some fantastic worldwide internships with opportunities to help you gain some really unique and diverse experience.

Dental Internship in South Africa

Join our dental elective to boost your dental work experience. You'll work with a professional dentist and assist in day-to-day tasks at check-up camps. Compare the dental care between your home country and South Africa.

Requirement: Interns should be studying dentistry(牙科)

Journalism Internship in Ghana

See all aspects of Ghanaian life by reporting on day-to-day life and taking part in a varied journalism internship in Accra. Work for a newspaper, radio or TV station and get hands-on experience in the media industry.

Requirement: Good English speakers and general level of fitness

Medical Internship in Palampur

If you are considering a career in medicine or nursing, this is the medical internship for you. Based in northern India, in the foothills of the Himalayas, you will shadow local doctors and nurses and learn lots about the Indian medical system.

Requirement: Interns should have an interest in, or already be studying, a medical related course

Medical Internship in Romania

Take part in a highly rated medical internship on a mobile medical unit and within a children's hospital. Work in a variety of medical settings and with a mixture of cases, shadowing doctors and nurses and actively contributing to the care of the patients.

Requirement: Minimum requirement of a first aid certificate

1. Where is this text probably taken from?

A．A school magazine.

B．An academic paper.

C．A public speech.

D．A travel log.

2. Which can offer a greater chance to fully experience the local culture?

A．Dental Internship in South Africa.

B．Journalism Internship in Ghana.

C．Medical Internship in Palampur.

D．Medical Internship in Romania.

3. What do the last two internships have in common?

A．They are located in northern India.

B．They need childcare interns.

C．They require a first aid certificate.

D．They encourage learning from old hands.

5 . On January 7, David Bennett went into the operating room at the University of Maryland Medical Center for a surgical procedure never performed before on a human. The 57-year-old Maryland resident had been hospitalized for months due to a life threatening disease. His heart was failing him and he needed a new one.

Bennett’s condition left him unresponsive to treatment and ineligible (不合格) for the transplant list or an artificial heart pump. The physician-scientists at the center, however, had another-also risky- option: transplant (移植) a heart from a genetically-modified pig.

“It was either die or do this transplant,” Bennett had told surgeons a day before the operation. “I want to live. I know it’s a shot in the dark, but it’s also my last choice.”

It took the medical team eight hours to finish the operation, making Bennett the first human to successfully receive a pig’s heart. “It’s working and it looks normal. We are thrilled, but we don’t know what tomorrow will bring us. This has never been done before,” Barkley Griffith, who led the transplant team, told the New York Times.

While it’s only been five days since the operation, the surgeons say that Bennett’s new pig heart was, so far, functioning as expected and his body wasn’t rejecting (排斥) the organ. They are still monitoring his condition closely.

“I think it’s extremely exciting,” says Robert Montgomery, transplant surgeon and director of the NYU Langone Transplant Institute, who was not involved in Bennett’s operation. The result of the procedure was also personally meaningful for Montgomery, who received a heart transplant in 2018 due to a genetic disease that may also affect members of his family in the future. “It’s still in the early days, but still the heart seems to be functioning. And that in and of itself is an extraordinary thing. Up to now most experimental heart transplant procedures have been done between pigs and other animals. This is the first time that surgeons have taken it into a living human.”

1. What do the words “a shot in the dark” underlined in Paragraph 3 mean?

A．Something that costs a fortune.

B．Something impossible to succeed.

C．Something drawing public attention.

D．Something with an uncertain outcome.

2. What is Barkley Griffith’s attitude to Bennett’s post-operation condition?

A．Negative.

B．Cautious.

C．Optimistic.

D．Uncaring.

3. What is the text mainly about?

A．The heated debate over the pig heart transplant.

B．David Bennett’s contribution to medical research.

C．The first experimental pig heart transplant in the world.

D．The first successful pig heart transplant into a living human.

4. In which section of a magazine may this text appear?

A．Political Affairs.

B．Global Entertainment.

C．Sci-Tech Front.

D．Financial Window.

6 . 阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。

To write his own medical text, Li Shizhen referenced over 800 medical texts, countless books on history and geography, and works of literature. He even studied the complete works of many ancient poets, from     1     he selected a surprising number of verses about medicine. However, the greatest issue he encountered was the widespread     2    (inconsistent) in the use of drug names. Realising the importance of field research outweighed     3    of extensive reading, in 1565 Li travelled far and wide into the mountains and wilderness. He covered what are today’s provinces of Hunan, Jiangxi, Anhui and Jiangsu, and many other places.

After over a decade of field research, Li     4    (successful) completed the first draft of his masterpiece, Bencao Gangmu, or the Compendium of Materia Medica in 1578. He revised     5     work at least three times right up until his death in 1593.

Since its first publication in 1596, the book     6    (receive) world-wide recognition. British naturalist Charles Darwin acknowledged the book     7     an “ancient Chinese encyclopedia.” In 2011, the book    8    (list) on the UNESCO Memory of the World Register. In 2017, an international conference was held in Beijing     9    (celebrate) Li’s 500th birthday.

Today, there are a     10    (grow) number of international exchanges centering on Li Shizhen and his book, and many people around the world can still find the wisdom of human development in this ancient classic.

7 . 阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。

Incense (香) boasts a long history,    1    its roots in many cultures-ancient China, ancient Egypt, Babylon and beyond. People from all walks of life benefit from its countless qualities, whether they use it for pleasure    2    as medicine.

Since the Tang and Song dynasties, burning incense, hanging paintings, making tea, and enjoying music have been known as the “four arts for literati (文人)”.    3    (make) from seeds, leaves and flowers, incense has been used as an enjoyable     4    (pursue) for scholars.

Moreover, medical incense is an essential part of Traditional Chinese Medicine, which considers preventative healthcare as     5    far superior form of treatment when illness strikes.

    6    (basic), medical incense can kill bacteria in the environment, protecting people against infections. It is also believed     7    (possess) the ability to balance the flow of Qi, a vital energy force within the body. Once the medical elements within incense are breathed in, they soon find    8    (they) way into the bloodstream. From there they go directly to the organs    9    treatment assistance is needed. The specific types of incense    10    (choose) based on the individual’s condition, aiming to restore balance and promote well-being.

8 . Until the 1940s, blood transfusions (输血) often went wrong because some main blood-group systems had yet to be discovered. This phenomenon is now a thing of the past, but finding a well-matched donor can still be difficult, especially for patients with rare blood types. Recently, a team of British researchers announced a step towards solving this problem by successfully transfusing into two healthy volunteers red blood cells grown from appropriate stem cells donated by others.

By now, such manufactured red cells have been given only to those whose own stem cells had been the source. The stem cells used for this experiment, however, were extracted from blood donated in the normal way. Then, the harvested stem cells were grown and multiplied in a nutrient solution for about 20 days, which served to turn them into young versions of red blood cells called reticulocytes, which, once transfused, quickly develop into the real McCoy. The lab-made red blood cells would be expected to last longer in a receiver’s body than those from a normal transfusion, since transfused blood unavoidably contains some cells that are on their last legs. The next step is to measure how long the manufactured cells actually do last.

If they do indeed survive traditionally transfused cells, then receivers will not need frequent transfusions. That will help a lot. At the moment, patients with blood disorders such as sickle-cell disease and thalassemia may require a transfusion as often as every four to six weeks. As a consequence, some develop iron overload, which causes severe complications (并发症). Others end up forming antibodies against many blood types, which makes finding a matching donor harder.

If all goes well, the trial will be extended to more volunteers. But larger tests, including tests on actual patients, will be needed before this approach can be put into practice. Even then, the technique will probably be reserved for a favored few-those possessing rare blood types being at the head of the queue. Unless some unforeseen breakthrough occurs, making the cells in quantity will be challenging.

1. What does the underlined part “the real McCoy” in paragraph 2 refer to?

A．Red blood cells.

B．Stem cells.

C．Reticulocytes.

D．Nutrient solutions.

2. What can we learn about blood transfusions according to the text?

A．The lab-made red blood cells last longer than those from a normal transfusion.

B．Those with rare blood types may enjoy priority in the transfusion of lab-made red blood cells.

C．Most patients with blood disorders may suffer severe complications and form antibodies.

D．Blood transfusions often go wrong because of people’s ignorance of the main blood systems.

3. What’s the author’s attitude to the mass production of the lab-made red cells in the near future?

A．Indifferent.

B．Optimistic.

C．Hopeless.

D．Cautious.

4. Which of the following can be the best title for the text?

A．Development of technology in blood transfusions

B．Transfusion of lab-made red blood cells into humans

C．Red blood cells coming from stem cells of receivers

D．Development and promotion of lab-made blood cells

9 . Researchers say a new electrical device placed in three paralyzed patients has helped them walk again. The lower bodies of the three patients were left paralyzed after they suffered spinal (脊柱的) cord injuries. But a device implanted in the spinal cord was able to send electrical signals to the muscles to permit them to stand, walk and exercise.

Scientists have discovered that neurons—which receive and send signals for muscle movements—often still work in injured patients with serious spinal cord injuries. However, past research into spinal cord injuries has centered on the stimulation of neurons. Now in the latest experiment led by Gregoire Courtine and Jocelyne Bloch of the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Lausanne, three paralyzed men were implanted a new electrical device designed to copy an action of the brain, in which it sends signals to the spinal cord that result in muscle movement. When the spinal cord receives the brain signals, it stimulates a collection of nerve cells that can activate different muscles.

The researchers reported that all three patients who got the spinal cord implants were able to take their first steps within an hour after receiving them. Over the next six months, the patients regained the ability to take part in more advanced walking activities, the study found. They were also able to ride bicycles and swim in community settings.

Unlike other attempts to help paralyzed patients walk by stimulating nerves through the back of the spine, Courtine said that his team redesigned the devices so signals would enter the spine from the sides. This method permits more direct targeting and activation of spinal cord areas, he said.

The team then developed artificial intelligence (AI) systems linked to the device. The AI controls electrodes on the device to send signals to stimulate individual nerves that control muscles needed for walking and other activities. However, because the patients’ muscles were weak from not being used, they needed help with supporting their weight, the researchers said. It also took some time for them to learn to work with the technology. Still, Bloch said, “The more they train, the more they start lifting their muscles, the more fluid it becomes.”

1. What can be inferred from paragraph 2?

A．Courtine and Bloch have found that neurons in paralyzed patients still work.

B．The new electrical device can imitate the brain to send signals to the spinal cord.

C．Three paralyzed men recovered with the help of a new electrical device.

D．Stimulating the neurons is the focus of the latest research into spinal .cord injuries.

2. How does the new device stimulate the spinal cord areas more directly?

A．By stimulating nerves through the back of the spine.

B．By using the AI system.

C．By making signals enter the spine from the sides.

D．By sending the signals to the brain.

3. Which can best describe Bloch’s idea in the last paragraph?

A．Every garden has its weeds.

B．Put the cart (运货马车) before the horse.

C．It's hard to please all.

D．Practice makes perfect.

4. What is the purpose of this text?

A．To report the consequence of spinal cord injuries.

B．To introduce the findings of a recent research.

C．To compare a recent research with other previous researches.

D．To recommend a treatment for paralyzed patients.

10 . Metin Sitti at the Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems in Stuttgart, Germany, and his colleagues have developed tiny robots called “microrollers” that can carry cancer drugs and selectively target human breast cancer cells. The team drew inspiration for the design of the robots from white blood cells in the human body, which can move along the walls of blood vessels (血管) against the direction of blood flow.

The microrollers are round and made from glass microparticles. One half of the robot was coated with a thin magnetic nanofilm (磁性纳米膜) made from nickel and gold. The other half was coated with the cancer drug doxorubicin as well as molecules that recognize cancer cells.

The team tested the robots using mouse blood and artificial channels lined with human endothelial cells—the kind of cells that line the inner walls of our blood vessels. The robots were exposed to a mixture of cancerous and healthy tissue. The microrollers selectively attached to the cancer cells and were activated using UV light to release the doxorubicin.

By applying magnetic fields, the team was able to control the movement of the microrollers, both with and against the flow of blood. The microrollers can reach a speed of up to 600 micrometers per second. “If you come to a spot where you need to take the right path and if you miss it, then you could go back and go to the right one,” says Setti.

In future, the researchers want to use other methods to start the drug release, such as heat or near-infrared light. They also plan to try making microrollers out of materials that would break down in the body over a few weeks or months.

The team hopes to test the microrollers in animals soon. “The rollers need to carry enough cancer drugs, which is why we need to have them in large numbers,” says Setti. “But since we can locally take drugs to the right target, we don’t need huge dosages (剂量).”

1. What can the microrollers be used for?

A．Repairing blood cells.

B．Delivering drugs.

C．Improving blood flow.

D．Performing operations.

2. What does Paragraph 2 mainly tell us about the microrollers?

A．Their shape.

B．Their advantage.

C．Their design.

D．Their application.

3. What can we learn about the robots from Paragraph 4?

A．Their direction can be adjusted.	B．They might miss the target cells.
C．They might get stuck in the blood.	D．Their speed can change automatically.

4. What will the scientists probably do next?

A．Put the microrollers to clinical use.	B．Sell the microrollers in large quantities.
C．Tear the microrollers down in the body.	D．Experiment with the microrollers further.