1 . What is the probable relationship between the speakers?

A．Husband and wife.

B．Teacher and student.

C．Doctor and patient.

2 . What does the woman ask the man to do?

A．Take his temperature.

B．Take a slow breath.

C．Have a health check.

3 . In the second half of the 18th century, a British doctor named Edward Jenner gave his gardener’s son cowpox (牛痘) and then deliberately infected him with smallpox (天花) to test his assumption that people who were frequently exposed to cowpox, a similar but less severe virus, would avoid catching smallpox. It worked and cowpox as the vaccine (疫苗) was highly effective. “Vaccination”, from the Latin word for cow, soon became commonplace.

Challenge trials are forms of research where, rather than relying on data from natural infections, we intentionally expose someone to a disease in order to test the effectiveness of a vaccine or treatment. Things have changed a lot since Jenner’s time, of course, when it was not uncommon for doctors to conduct this kind of research. Even so, there’s a continuous sense that there’s something immoral about making someone ill on purpose.

But this shouldn’t blind us to the extraordinary power of challenge trials. They could become increasingly important weapons in the medical research, in a situation where vaccine technology is advancing and the threat of diseases jumping from animals into human beings is increasing.

Much has been done to reduce the risks of challenge trials. Like respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), researchers have involved adults who are at a low risk of severe illness. These acts have already cut down a massive range of vaccine candidates. But not all diseases are like these ones. We don’t always know the dangers volunteers might face; we don’t always have treatments ready. What then?

We could, of course, just avoid these questions entirely, and rely on other types of research. But that doesn’t always work: sometimes, animal testing is tricky and uninformative, because the disease doesn’t develop in the same way as it would in humans. In contrast, challenge trials can be deeply informative within weeks, with far fewer volunteers. And the benefits can be surprisingly high.

In order to make sure we are as protected as possible from current and future threats, we should try to get rid of the misbelief in challenge trials, making them a more familiar part of our tool kits. Perhaps the greatest reward of all would be to make sure participants’ efforts are worthwhile: by designing trials to be fair and effective and applying them when and where they might make a real difference. In short, by helping them to save thousands, if not millions of lives.

1. The author tells the story of Edward Jenner with the intention of ________.

A．defining what are challenge trials.

B．showing the origin of the word “vaccination”.

C．emphasizing the importance of his vaccine.

D．introducing the topic of challenge trials.

2. What can be inferred from the passage?

A．The issues behind challenge trials are easy to solve.

B．Despite the risks, challenge trials can benefit numerous lives.

C．The dangers of challenge trials outweigh the benefits they bring.

D．Challenge trials can prevent the development of vaccine technologies.

3. What does the author intend to tell us?

A．A cautious attitude should be taken towards challenge trials.

B．Challenge trials guarantee participants protection against threats.

C．People should be more open to challenge trials.

D．The accuracy of challenge trials can be improved with more volunteers involved.

4. What can be the best title for the passage?

A．Can challenge trials block medical progress?

B．Should we use challenge trials to find cures?

C．Can challenge trials put an end to infectious diseases?

D．Should we replace animal testing with challenge trials?

4 . Who is the woman probably?

A．A doctor.

B．A coach.

C．A waitress.

5 . 听下面一段较长对话，回答以下小题。
1. Where are most probably the speakers?

A．At Toby’s place.

B．In a hospital.

C．In a company.

2. Who suggested the name Arthur?

A．The woman’s sister.

B．Tommy.

C．The woman.

6 . Where does the conversation probably take place?

A．At the police station.

B．At the sports hall.

C．At the hospital.

7 . In the United Stated, it is reported that one in fourth nurses are obese, with nearly two-thirds being overweight.

While some have argued that obese nurse may be less productive and take more time off sick, this isn’t my concern at all. I’m just worried about the example they set to others. Yes, of course, nurses and doctors struggle with having a healthy lifestyle like everyone else. But if they stick to the basic principles of keeping a healthy lifestyle, then they have no business being on the front line. No patient is going to take them seriously unless they show that they at least try to practise what they promote.

It’s a serious professional failing, because it sends the disastrous message of “do as I say not as I do”, which is never going to result in someone changing their ways. You wouldn’t take advice about reducing your drinking from an alcoholic. So why should you be expected to listen to an overweight nurse who is telling you to lose a few pounds?

Of course, there are lots of examples when a doctor or nurse’s personal struggles can really help. I used to smoke and I find this actually helps me because I can relate to patients — I know their struggles, I know their concerns and I know the things they say to themselves to avoid quitting. Knowing that I used to smoke helps me come across as more human to my patients — I’ve done silly things but I’ve changed and so they can.

1. What does the underlined word in Paragraph 1 mean?

A．Strong.

B．Fat.

C．Healthy.

D．Weak.

2. What worries the author about obese nurses?

A．They may not be so productive.

B．They are likely to take more time off sick.

C．Everyone will follow their examples.

D．They can’t act their role in health promotion.

3. How is the author’s experience of stopping smoking helpful?

A．He has always lived a healthy life.

B．He struggles against any patients.

C．He understands smokers better.

D．He keeps asking them to quit smoking.

4. We can infer from the text that the author is a ______.

A．doctor

B．teacher

C．reporter

D．smoker

8 . When it comes to medical care, many patients and doctors believe “more is better”. But what they do not realize is that over-treatment-too many scans too many blood tests too many procedures (步骤) -may bring harm.

Terrence Power, for example, complained that after his wife learned she had Wegener’s disease, they found it difficult to refuse testing suggested by her doctor. The doctor insisted on office visits every three weeks, even when she was feeling well. He frequently ordered blood tests and X-rays, and repeatedly referred her to specialists for even minor complaints (疾病). Even when tests came back negative, more were ordered and she was hospitalized as prevention when she developed a cold. She had as many as 25 doctor visits during one six-month period. The couple was spending about $30, 000 a year for her care.

After several years of physical suffering and near financial ruin from the medical costs, the couple began questioning the treatment after discussing with other patients in online support groups. “It’s a really hard thing to determine when they’ve crossed the line,” Mr. Power said. “You think she’s getting the best care in the world, but after a while you start to wonder: What is the purpose?” Mr. Power then spoke with his own main care doctor who advised him to find a new specialist to oversee (监视) Mrs. Power’s care. Under the new doctor’s care, the regular testing stopped and Mrs. Power’s condition became stable.

Now she sees the doctor only four or five times a year.

1. What do many patients and doctors believe?

A．Less is better.

B．More is better.

C．More may not be better.

2. How often did the doctor ask Mrs Power to visit him?

A．Every week.

B．Every two weeks.

C．Every three weeks

3. What does “hospitalized” in the second paragraph mean?

A．Be sent to a hospital.

B．Be sent to home

C．Be sent to a church.

4. When did the couple begin questioning the treatment?

A．After knowing about other patients treatment.

B．After having many doctor visits during one six-month period.

C．After discussing with other patients in online support groups.

9 . When will the doctor’s office close?

A．At 4:45 p.m.

B．At 5:00 p.m.

C．At 6:00 p.m.

10 . What kind of symptom does the woman have after getting a shot?

A．A sore throat.

B．Headaches.

C．Muscle pains.