2 . With the world's attention on vaccines, now it feels like a good moment to sing the praises of an often forgotten contributor to their development. Three hundred years ago this month, Lady Mary Wortley Montagu got her daughter inoculated（接种）against smallpox, making her child the first person in the West to be protected in this way. Without Montagu's willingness to adopt a practice she had learned from other cultures, the introduction of vaccines around 80 years later would never have taken place.

Montagu first witnessed inoculation when she accompanied her husband to Turkey. Inoculation had started in Asia, probably in China, as early as the 10^th century AD. Montagu observed how older women in Turkey took a tiny amount of pus（脓）from a person with smallpox. They then used needles to make cuts on people's wrists and ankles and added the pus to their bloodstream. This helped people gain immunity from future infection.

Like other visitors to the country, Montagu took steps to ensure that her son was inoculated. This worked well, but she knew that trying it in England would be far more challenging. Inoculation performed by unlicensed amateurs would threaten doctors' professional standing and potentially rob them of valuable income. Some people also disagree with the practice, as they saw it as going against nature.

Back in England, Montagu observed smallpox infections became increasingly severe. Eventually, in April 1721, she decided to use the Turkish practice to have her daughter inoculated, because she believed that the rewards would outweigh the risks. After a safe time had passed following the inoculation, Montagu allowed doctors to examine her daughter.

Doctors in Britain gradually accepted the practice. About 80 years later, a pioneering physician found smallpox vaccines to destroy smallpox completely. As early as last century, academics argued that Montagu was no more than an enthusiastic amateur. In truth, she made a vital scientific contribution towards finding the cure for smallpox.

1. What is the second paragraph mainly about?

A．The origin of smallpox inoculation.	B．Turkish women's invention of inoculation.
C．The benefits from smallpox inoculation.	D．Montagu's first access to inoculation.

2. Why did Montagu know it was hard to try inoculation in England?

A．Because it might harm doctors' interests.	B．Because deep down it was against nature.
C．Because it was a foreign practice.	D．Because it might cost valuable money.

3. What could have led doctors in Britain to accept inoculation?

A．The severe situation in smallpox infections.	B．The result of Montagu's daughter's inoculation.
C．A physician's discovery of smallpox vaccines.	D．Montagu's focus on its rewards rather than its risks

4. Which of the following can be used to describe Montagu?

A．a fearless scientist

B．a brilliant inventor

C．a devoted explorer

D．an unsung hero

3 . A blocked airway can kill someone in three to four minutes, but it can take more than eight minutes for an ambulance to arrive. So a simple procedure such as opening someone’s airway can save their life while they’re waiting for emergency medical help. This means you’re more likely to give first aid to someone you know than a stranger.

There are many misconceptions surrounding first aid. Below are the "most popular" ones with details of what you should do.

Top four first aid misconceptions:

You should put butter or cream on a burn. The only thing you should put on a burn is cold water—keep the butter for cooking. Put the affected area under cold running water for at least ten minutes

The best way to treat bleeding is to put the wound under a tap. If you put a bleeding wound under a tap, you wash away the body`s clotting agents（凝血剂）and make it bleed more. Instead, put pressure on the wound with whatever is available to stop or slow down the flow of blood. As soon as possible call 911. Keep pressure on the wound until help arrives.

Nosebleeds are best treated by putting the head back. If you put the head back during a nosebleed, all the blood goes down the back of the airway. Instead, advise them to tilt（倾斜）their head forwards and ask them to pinch（捏）the end of their nose and breathe through their mouth.

You need lots of training to do first aid. You don’t—what you mostly need is common sense. You can learn enough first aid knowledge in a few minutes to save someone`s life—whether it`s from reading a book, attending a course or watching videos online.

Remember that anyone can save a life.

1. The most important point to save an airway blocked person’s life is to________.

A．keep his airway open

B．ensure the ambulance’s arriving time

C．keep the surroundings quiet

D．ask for emergency medical help immediately

2. If a person is burnt, what you should do immediately is________.

A．put some cream on the burn area

B．heat up some butter for the burn

C．place the burn under cold running water

D．wash the affected area for a long time

3. If a bleeding wound is put under a tap, what will happen?

A．It will help the bleeding stop at once.

B．The wound will help produce more clotting agents.

C．It will produce more pressure on the wound.

D．The wound will bleed more and it is hard to stop the bleeding.

4. Which of the following statements is RIGHT?

A．When a person’s nose bleeds, please put the head back.

B．You can learn first aid quickly in different ways.

C．When a person is burnt, keep pressure on the burn until help arrives.

D．Not everyone can do first aid to save a life.

5. The passage mainly tells us________.

A．how to learn first aid by yourself

B．some misunderstandings about first aid

C．the importance of first aid

D．how to help the medical team save a life

4 . In the ancient world, the practice of medicine was inescapably linked to supernatural belief and magic. That was until the Greeks made advances in the field and brilliant figures such as Hippocrates laid the foundations for our medicine today. Recognized as the father of modern medicine, Hippocrates realised what seems obvious to us today -- that the observation and noting of symptoms is primary. He travelled across Greece teaching medicine, encouraging the view that disease had physical, not super-natural, explanations.

Medical students still take the Hippocratic Oath, a formal promise made by new doctors that they will follow the standards set by their profession and try to preserve life, swearing to use their skills to heal and do no harm. One of Hippocrates' theories was of the 'four humours', a belief that disease was caused by an imbalance of the four liquids supposedly contained in the human body -- blood, phlegm, and black and yellow bile (a liquid produced by your organ which helps you to digest fat).

Blood-letting was a common response to illness and was used until only 150 years ago in the mistaken belief that it would restore the body's internal balance. But while the Greeks may have been wrong about the bleeding and the bile, they were still the first civilization to understand that diseases could be treated by using carefully observation and logical thought.

Aristotle, political theorist, philosopher and teacher, also studied the natural world from a scientific point of view. He was the first to classify organisms, and although his method may seem simple now, he divided them into two basic categories, as either plant or animal -- he was the first to do so. Aristotle valued experimentation are discovered that evaporation, the process of becoming a vapour, turned salt water into fresh water. He was also believer in the theory that all matter is composed of four elements -- fire, earth, water and air.

Hippocrates believed the four humours, related to the four liquids in the body, were each in line with organ, a season and with different moods. The four were based on the Greeks' idea of four base elements ( water, fire, earth). Although discredited now, the humours formed the basis of western medicine until the century. They were:

- Blood from the liver; associated with Spring; with courage and hope

- Phlegm from brain and lungs; Winter; calm and unemotional

- Yellow bile from gall bladder（胆囊）: Summer; anger and bad temper

- Black bile from spleen（脾脏）: Autumn; with blue and dark mood

1. Which of the following is NOT TRUE according to the passage?

A．It was the Greeks that made advances in the field of practice of medicine in the ancient world.

B．The Hippocratic Oath is a formal promise made by new doctors to swear their responsibilities.

C．Hippocrates thought disease was caused by imbalance of the four liquids contained in the human body.

D．Hippocrates was the first to believe diseases could be treated by careful observation and logical thought.

2. The practice of blood-letting was based on the belief that ________

A．the blood was polluted by viruses

B．the human body was not evenly balanced

C．the patient was in a bad humour

D．too much blood was bad for people

3. How did Aristotle find out that salt water can be turned into fresh water?

A．He studied many books from a scientific point of view.

B．He drew the conclusion according to the two basic categories.

C．He made the discovery based on conducting experiments himself.

D．He believed that all matter consists of four base elements.

4. Why is Hippocrates considered the founder of modern medicine?

A．He proved that there are four base elements in all matter in the world.

B．He showed the procedure of how the four bodily liquids affected moods.

C．He insisted that almost all diseases had supernatural explanations.

D．He recognized the importance of the observation and noting of symptoms.

5 . Singing has always made Stephen Dunn, 64, of Melbourne, feel joyful. He occasionally sang with bands in the past. When he was diagnosed (诊断) with Parkinson’s disease two years ago, he remembered that his father, who’d also had the condition, lost his ability to sing as the disease progressed.

Hoping to prevent a similar fate, Stephen joined ParkinSong last year, a local group of Parkinson’s patients who meet monthly with a music therapist (治疗学家). They sing together and learn skills to help preserve their singing and speaking voices.

“The session involves vocal exercises, breathing exercises, correct posture and that sort of thing,” he says. “Our vocal cords (声带) are like any other muscle in our body. If you don’t use it, you lose it.”

Helping Parkinson’s patients maintain their voices is just one way that music therapy benefits people. A variety of music programmes can improve the mental or physical health of people with numerous diseases and conditions. There are no potential side effects, except, perhaps, getting a song stuck in your head.

When therapy is needed to relieve pain or maintain or restore function to the body, different options are available. Physical therapy can be effective, but repetitive exercises may be boring. Music can add an element of fun to therapy.

Music is an ideal motivator, because people have deep emotional responses to it on many levels; researchers and music therapists latch onto this to create treatments that can be as effective as, or more effective than, traditional therapies.

“Music’s so multi-dimentional,” says Jeanette Tamplin, a music therapist and research fellow at the University of Melbourne who’s involved with ParkinSong. “It can be very functional. Like you’re getting people to walk in time to music. Or it can help them to access emotions and process grief (悲伤) and adjustment through songs.”

Doctors recommend music therapy to treat certain conditions, and researchers are working to expand the reach of treatments.

1. What’s the purpose of Stephen Dunn’s joining ParkinSong?

A．To train his vocal cord.	B．To learn more singing skills
C．To meet people with Parkinson	D．To stop himself losing his ability to sing

2. What can be inferred from the passage?

A．Music motivates people to express all their feelings.

B．Music has the best effect on restoring the function of body.

C．Music therapy brings patients more fun than traditional one.

D．Music therapy helps maintain people’s voice in a limited way.

3. What will probably be talked about in the following paragraph?

A．ParkinSong gathers more Parkinson patients to sing together.

B．Music therapy is used in treatments of other conditions.

C．Doctors found new therapies for Parkinson’s patients.

D．The origin of music therapy in Parkinson treatment.

6 . 语法填空：阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。

Alzheimer’s disease is    1    brain disorder that causes problems with memory, thinking and behaviour. If someone has several or even most of the signs    2    (list)above,it does not mean that he has Alzheimer’s disease.    3    ,it is important to consult a health care provider.

The majority of people with Alzheimer’s    4    (be)65 and above.It is recognized as the most common mental disease among older people,and the number of sufferers is growing.    5    (current), there’s no cure    6    Alzheimer’s disease, but scientists are researching ways    7    (improve)the quality of life for people living with the disease. At present, a person with Alzheimer’s disease    8    (care)for at home,which can be a difficult task and might become overwhelming at times. Each day brings new challenges for    9    (caregiver).As the disease gets    10    (bad),people living with Alzheimer’s disease often need more intensive care.

7 . The disease malaria(疟疾) has caused trouble to mankind throughout history. In the 1860s as the drug called chloroquine began to lose its effectiveness, malaria began to appear again in Southeast Asia. Every country in the world then poured huge amounts of human resources into discovering another anti-malaria drug In 1964, China put forward the plan to seek a breakthrough from among traditional Chinese medicinal drugs. There was no great discovery until 1981. When Chinese scientist Tu Youyou gave a speech titled" Chemical Research into Artemisinin(青蒿素)”. at an international conference of the WHO. The speech was regarded as a lifeline for malaria sufferers.

Tu Youyou graduated from the Medical College of Peking University. In 1969, just as the research into treating malaria had reached dead end, the 39 year-old Tu, in order to overcome this terrible problem, took on the job as head of a research team into this problem. The first thing Tu did was interview experienced doctors of Chinese medicine. Then she and her colleagues conducted various kinds of experiments on hundreds of kinds of Chinese medicinal herbs, including artemisinin. However, the results were disappointing: even those involving artemisinin, which had been universally well regarded, were less than satisfactory.

But later, when Tu found a relevant passage written by Ge Hong of the Eastern Jin Dynasty (317-420), it occurred to her that high temperatures destroy artemisinin's effectiveness: it needs a low temperature to work properly. The discovery pointed to a brand-new direction for Tu and her research team. Finally, in 1972, an extract(# R40) of it was found to be one hundred percent effective against the disease!

In 2000 the WHO announced artemisinin was a leading anti-malarial drug, and promoted it worldwide. So far, it has been playing a great role in the battle against malaria. Beginning at the age of 39, Tu devoted her life to her research. In 2015, at the age of 85 and as the first Chinese scientist, she received a Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine. How did Tu manage to accomplish such a great achievement? You probably have the answer to that already.

1. What can be learnt about “chloroquine”from paragraph1?

A．It contributed to Tu’s great discovery.

B．It was discovered by experts in Southeast Asia.

C．It was a breakthrough out of Chinese medicine.

D．It used to be effective against the disease of malaria.

2. What did Tu Youyou do after reading a passage by Ge Hong?

A．She interviewed doctors to collect their experience.

B．She attempted to heat the extract at a low temperature.

C．She made necessary adjustments in each stage of her research.

D．She expanded access to the anti-malarial drug around the world.

3. Which of the following can best summarize the main reason for Tu's success?

A．You reap what you sow.

B．Actions speak louder than words.

C．Don't claim to know what you don’t know.

D．Live and learn through your mistakes or experience.

8 . Directions: Read the following people’s comments on a special report on new medicines and match the name of each person to the appropriate statement. Note that there is one extra statement.

Statements (He/She wants to persuade people that...)

Robert H. Kamm:

We all want to live longer and healthier lives, but taking pills to rescue us from our self-abusive lifestyle only masks real problems and ends up costing us billions of dollars a year. We ought to be investing at least as much in trying to discover why millions of us behave in ways that are not in our best interest — smoking, drinking, overworking, under-exercising and generally doing things that are bad for our health.

John J. Bagshaw:

The cost of poor health is shocking and goes well beyond dollars. But the approach that offers the best solution, reduces risk, cuts demand and gets people healthy and fit is prevention. The U.S. is a nation of chronic diseases. It will get much worse, because we never deal with the causes. Individual Americans need to bring this issue to a boil and keep it there until we get a health-care system based on prevention.

Laurel Woods:

While I applaud the research being done in the field of medicine, I am also aware that good things can go bad in an instant. I have heart disease, and I had a negative reaction to a new treatment: the result was a long hospital stay. We should remember that caution has to be applied when being treated with a new medicine. Nothing will replace the human element that must be present in a caring medical community.

Robert H. Kamm:    1    
John J. Bagshaw:    2    
Laurel Woods:    3    
A. Prevention should always come before treatment.
B. A change of behavior counts more than reliance on drugs.
C. New drugs should not be put onto the market until proven effective.
D. A new medical treatment needs to be administrated with caution (great care).