1 . The skin is an essential part of your body and is its largest organ. Your skin acts as a barrier against disease, toxins, and the sun’s rays. It also helps control your body temperature, prevents your body from losing too much water, warns you when things are too hot or cold, and gives you your sense of touch. As you can imagine, getting burnt can lead to very serious injuries. The first and most important step in the treatment of burns is giving first aid.
CAUSES OF BURNSYou can get burnt by a variety of things: hot liquids, steam, fire, radiation, the sun,electricity, acids, or other chemicals.
TYPES OF BURNSBurns are divided into three types, depending on the depth of skin damage.
• First-degree burns These affect only the top few millimetres of the skin. These burns are not serious. Examples include mild sunburn and burns caused by other minor household incidents.• Second-degree burns These go below the top layer of the skin. They are serious and take a few weeks to get better. Examples include burns caused by hot liquids.
• Third-degree burns These affect every layer of the skin, and sometimes the tissue under it.Examples include burns caused by electric shocks, burning clothes, or petrol fires. These burns cause very severe internal injuries and the victim must go to the hospital at once.
CHARACTERISTICS OF BURNS
First-degree burns
• dry, red, and mildly swollen
• mildly painful
• turn white when pressed
Second-degree burns
• red and swollen; blisters; watery surface
• extremely painful
Third-degree burns
• black and white
• swollen; the tissue underneath can often be seen
• little or no pain if nerves are damaged; may be painful around the edges of the burn
FIRST-AID TREATMENT
1. Place burns under cool running water, especially within the first ten minutes. The cool water stops the burning process and reduces the pain and swelling.
2. Dry the burnt area gently with a clean cloth.
3. Remove any clothes using scissors if necessary, unless you see the fabric sticking to the burnt skin.
4. Cover the burnt area with a loose clean cloth. Applying oil to the injured areas is a bad idea, as it will keep the heat in the wounds and may cause infection.
5. If burns are on the face, make sure the victim can still breathe.
6. If the victim is suffering from second or third-degree burns, there is an urgent need to take him/her to the hospital at once.
1. 阅读文章，完成以下语篇结构
2. Which kind of burns is usually considered to be caused by hot liquids?
| A．First-degree burns. | B．Second-degree burns. |
| C．Third-degree burns. | D．Not mentioned. |
| A．Dry, red and mildly swollen. | B．Black, white and mildly painful. |
| C．Red and swollen with watery surface. | D．Black, swollen and extremely painful. |
| A．Applying oil to the burns. | B．Cooling burns immediately. |
| C．Drying the burned area gently. | D．Removing clothing if necessary. |
___heart attack ___drowning __sprained ankle ___poisoning ___bad cut/bleeding |
2. What do you think the Heimlich manoeuvre is?
Chen Wei, a high school student in Beijing, had his dinner interrupted when he heard someone screaming from another table. A fellow diner at the restaurant, Zhang Tao, was choking on some steak. He was now holding his throat with his face turning red, while his desperate friends were slapping him on the back.
Chen wasted no time. He got up and ran to Zhang’s table at once. With the help of Zhang’s friends, he was able to help Zhang to his feet. Then, standing behind Zhang, Chen did the Heimlich manoeuvre. The food was instantly forced out, and Zhang began to breathe again. Ten minutes later, an ambulance arrived. The doctors checked Zhang and made sure that he was fine. They suggested he eat more slowly and take smaller bites before they left.
Choking victims usually have only about four minutes before they collapse and sometimes die, leaving no time for an ambulance to arrive. To solve this problem, in 1974, an American doctor, Henry Heimlich, created the Heimlich manoeuvre, saving thousands of lives around the world. Doing the Heimlich manoeuvre is quick, practical, and easy. It is so easy, in fact, that almost anyone can learn how.
If you see someone choking, first call the emergency services. Then, make sure that the victim is really choking: A choking person cannot speak. Slapping the victim’s back will often force out the obstruction. If this does not work, you can perform the Heimlich manoeuvre by standing behind him and wrapping your arms around his waist. Make a fist with one hand and place it in the upper part of his stomach. Grabbing your fist with your other hand tightly, push up and into his stomach in one motion. Continue doing this until the obstruction is forced out.
Doing the Heimlich manoeuvre on a small child is not recommended, as you may hurt him. Instead, lay the child face down on your lap with the head lower than the rest of his body, and then give firm slaps to his upper back until he can breathe again.
With choking victims, every minute counts. You cannot just stand by and do nothing. Luckily, Chen had learnt how to give first aid in school. Seeing Zhang choking, he remained calm and reacted immediately. Chen later said about the incident, “How could I justify sitting there and doing nothing? We are all humans and we all have a responsibility to look after one another’s welfare.”
1. Chen Wei was a friend/complete stranger to Zhang Tao.2. When Chen Wei reached Zhang Tao, Zhang Tao was sitting on the chair/standing.
3. The Heimlich manoeuvre is quite easy/difficult to do.
4. You will know that the victim is choking if he cannot speak/stops breathing.
5. To help a small child who is choking, you need to lay the child face up/down on your lap and slap his upper back.
6. Chen Wei was able to save Zhang Tao because he learnt the Heimlich manoeuvre at school/from a first-aid manual.
5 . 用下面的单词完成这篇关于医学的短文。
infection, multiple, decrease, severe, transform, proof, blame, substantial |
British scientists believe they may have found a way to fight the common cold. It blocks a key protein in the body’s cells that is to
Cold-causing virus are not only of
Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) isn’t
China has been making every effort
The inclusion of TCM in the ICD is a mainstream acceptance that will have great influence around the world.TCM has seen some
7 . HANGZHOU — A human blood protein has been found to be associated with the H7N9 death rate, according to a study by Chinese medical scientists.
The study, published in Nature Communications on May 13, showed that blood plasma levels of angiotensin Ⅱ are higher in H7N9 patients and could be used to predict their physical worsening.
Angiotensin Ⅱ is a human protein contained in plasma, the vascular (血管的) wall, heart and kidney to regulate blood pressure. It is closely linked to serious lung injury. H7N9 patients with higher levels of angiotensin Ⅱ carry more viral load (病毒载量), said Li Lanjuan, researcher at the Chinese Academy of Engineering and a specialist in H7N9 prevention. “It is particularly obvious in the second week of human infection. The angiotensin Ⅱ level of patients in critical condition keeps going up, while that of mild cases tends to drop,” Li said.
Li added the new finding could help in clinical practice. Medical personnel could adopt more effective and reliable treatment measures for patients suffering different conditions. “This study will provide a new perspective to H7N9 pathology (病理学) and potential treatment for future cases,” said Ed Gerstner, executive editor of Nature Communications.
The study was led by researchers of the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention. They collected plasma from 47 H7N9 patients in cities of Hangzhou, Shanghai and Nanjing and analyzed the connection between angiotensin Ⅱ and viral load.
H7N9 was first reported in China in March 2013. The virus causes severe disease in humans, including acute and often fatal breathing failure. The country has reported more than 200 human H7N9 cases.
1. What does the passage mainly talk about?| A．Chinese scientists found a human blood protein associated with the H7N9 death rate. |
| B．Chinese scientists have made a new medical discovery. |
| C．A new perspective to H7N9 pathology provided by a medical study. |
| D．A report of H7N9 death rate. |
| A．unimportant | B．mistaken | C．urgent | D．successful |
| A．H7N9 patients with higher levels of angiotensin Ⅱ carry more viral load. |
| B．Angiotensin Ⅱ is a human protein to regulate blood pressure. |
| C．H7N9 vims may cause human breathing failure. |
| D．The researchers collected plasma from 47 H7N9 patients in the city of Hangzhou and made the discovery. |
| A．a booklet | B．a newspaper | C．a guide book | D．an advertisement |
This year’s Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine has been awarded to Tu Youyou (co-winner),
Tu Youyou, a
9 . It has now been more than six months since healthcare experienced a mass transition to telehealth, at least in wealthy countries. In less well-off places, medical care came to a standstill along with employment and education. Australian authorities rightly noted that changes that would have taken a decade happened more or less overnight. Last year, I had protested when asked to try just one video consultation. It took weeks to organize and then the patient cancelled anyway. Now, within days, clinics jammed with patients halved and then fell silent. Instead of noise and anticipation, what greeted me was a sheet of paper listing when my patients would “meet” me online.
The adjustment was hard. Many of my patients, who are often very elderly, non-English speaking and socioeconomically disadvantaged, were so perturbed by the concept of telehealth that they opted to wait until “this passed”. This made sense initially but as the lockdown continued, we acknowledged that health concerns couldn’t be ignored, and telehealth was the way forward.
In medicine, the line between “must see” and “should see” is not always clear. An 80-year-old widow says that my appointments are her greatest comfort, not least because our nurse always checks in too. Together we save her mental health from sliding but on paper, she is a “routine visit” now relegated to telehealth, which is just not the same. Another patient can chat a bit, but better than any test, serial visits help me track his cognitive decline and plan ahead. When I mention telehealth, he explains that his VCR is broken.
While elderly patients with travel barriers or needing a quick consult may be considered ideal for telehealth, the situation is subtle. Physicians like me feel the poverty of body language. Surgeons find it harder to share sketches. Nurses find patients are distracted. More tragically, a school teacher died at a rural hospital where the only available doctor was via a video link.
Yet, there’s no denying that telehealth has changed the face of healthcare. And nostalgia aside, it has forced a conservative profession to rethink how it can better serve all patients.
In taking stock of the last few months, we must give credit to the people who made telehealth happen. “Tech support” falls into the invisible but indispensable category of help, without which frontline workers would be nowhere.
1. The underlined word “perturbed” most probably means “________”.| A．pleased | B．calm | C．bothered | D．composed |
| A．Healthcare all over the world has gone through a mass transition to telehealth. |
| B．Healthcare has experienced a mass transition to telehealth for at least half a year. |
| C．Last year, the writer objected when asked to try just one video consultation. |
| D．Patients consulting doctors online are in good order. |
| A．Elderly patients with travel barriers may be considered ideal for telehealth. |
| B．Nurses are not fond of telehealth because they find patients are distracted. |
| C．There are still a lot of drawbacks and challenges faced by telehealth. |
| D．A school teacher died at a rural hospital due to the use of telehealth. |
| A．Pessimistic. | B．Positive. | C．Indifferent. | D．Critical. |
One medical text from the fourth century suggested using the e
