1 . The skin is an essential part of your body and is its largest organ. Your skin acts as a barrier against disease, toxins, and the sun’s rays. It also helps control your body temperature, prevents your body from losing too much water, warns you when things are too hot or cold, and gives you your sense of touch. As you can imagine, getting burnt can lead to very serious injuries. The first and most important step in the treatment of burns is giving first aid.

CAUSES OF BURNS

You can get burnt by a variety of things: hot liquids, steam, fire, radiation, the sun,electricity, acids, or other chemicals.

TYPES OF BURNS

Burns are divided into three types, depending on the depth of skin damage.

• First-degree burns These affect only the top few millimetres of the skin. These burns are not serious. Examples include mild sunburn and burns caused by other minor household incidents.
• Second-degree burns These go below the top layer of the skin. They are serious and take a few weeks to get better. Examples include burns caused by hot liquids.
• Third-degree burns These affect every layer of the skin, and sometimes the tissue under it.Examples include burns caused by electric shocks, burning clothes, or petrol fires. These burns cause very severe internal injuries and the victim must go to the hospital at once.
CHARACTERISTICS OF BURNS
First-degree burns
• dry, red, and mildly swollen
• mildly painful
• turn white when pressed
Second-degree burns
• red and swollen; blisters; watery surface
• extremely painful
Third-degree burns
• black and white
• swollen; the tissue underneath can often be seen
• little or no pain if nerves are damaged; may be painful around the edges of the burn
FIRST-AID TREATMENT
1. Place burns under cool running water, especially within the first ten minutes. The cool water stops the burning process and reduces the pain and swelling.
2. Dry the burnt area gently with a clean cloth.
3. Remove any clothes using scissors if necessary, unless you see the fabric sticking to the burnt skin.
4. Cover the burnt area with a loose clean cloth. Applying oil to the injured areas is a bad idea, as it will keep the heat in the wounds and may cause infection.
5. If burns are on the face, make sure the victim can still breathe.
6. If the victim is suffering from second or third-degree burns, there is an urgent need to take him/her to the hospital at once.
1. 阅读文章，完成以下语篇结构

______________ ______________ ______________
2. Which kind of burns is usually considered to be caused by hot liquids?

A．First-degree burns.	B．Second-degree burns.
C．Third-degree burns.	D．Not mentioned.

3. What are the characteristics of first-degree burns?

A．Dry, red and mildly swollen.	B．Black, white and mildly painful.
C．Red and swollen with watery surface.	D．Black, swollen and extremely painful.

4. What should be avoided when a person gets burnt?

A．Applying oil to the burns.	B．Cooling burns immediately.
C．Drying the burned area gently.	D．Removing clothing if necessary.

4 . Read the article again and choose the correct words to complete the sentences.

Chen Wei, a high school student in Beijing, had his dinner interrupted when he heard someone screaming from another table. A fellow diner at the restaurant, Zhang Tao, was choking on some steak. He was now holding his throat with his face turning red, while his desperate friends were slapping him on the back.

Chen wasted no time. He got up and ran to Zhang’s table at once. With the help of Zhang’s friends, he was able to help Zhang to his feet. Then, standing behind Zhang, Chen did the Heimlich manoeuvre. The food was instantly forced out, and Zhang began to breathe again. Ten minutes later, an ambulance arrived. The doctors checked Zhang and made sure that he was fine. They suggested he eat more slowly and take smaller bites before they left.

Choking victims usually have only about four minutes before they collapse and sometimes die, leaving no time for an ambulance to arrive. To solve this problem, in 1974, an American doctor, Henry Heimlich, created the Heimlich manoeuvre, saving thousands of lives around the world. Doing the Heimlich manoeuvre is quick, practical, and easy. It is so easy, in fact, that almost anyone can learn how.

If you see someone choking, first call the emergency services. Then, make sure that the victim is really choking: A choking person cannot speak. Slapping the victim’s back will often force out the obstruction. If this does not work, you can perform the Heimlich manoeuvre by standing behind him and wrapping your arms around his waist. Make a fist with one hand and place it in the upper part of his stomach. Grabbing your fist with your other hand tightly, push up and into his stomach in one motion. Continue doing this until the obstruction is forced out.

Doing the Heimlich manoeuvre on a small child is not recommended, as you may hurt him. Instead, lay the child face down on your lap with the head lower than the rest of his body, and then give firm slaps to his upper back until he can breathe again.

With choking victims, every minute counts. You cannot just stand by and do nothing. Luckily, Chen had learnt how to give first aid in school. Seeing Zhang choking, he remained calm and reacted immediately. Chen later said about the incident, “How could I justify sitting there and doing nothing? We are all humans and we all have a responsibility to look after one another’s welfare.”

1. Chen Wei was a friend/complete stranger to Zhang Tao. ______________
2. When Chen Wei reached Zhang Tao, Zhang Tao was sitting on the chair/standing. ______________
3. The Heimlich manoeuvre is quite easy/difficult to do. ______________
4. You will know that the victim is choking if he cannot speak/stops breathing. ______________
5. To help a small child who is choking, you need to lay the child face up/down on your lap and slap his upper back. ______________
6. Chen Wei was able to save Zhang Tao because he learnt the Heimlich manoeuvre at school/from a first-aid manual. ______________

5 . 用下面的单词完成这篇关于医学的短文。

infection,       multiple,     decrease,     severe, transform,     proof,          blame,        substantial

British scientists believe they may have found a way to fight the common cold. It blocks a key protein in the body’s cells that is to     1     for the spread of cold-causing virus. Targeting the host rather than the     2     was a bit non-traditional but made sense because it was tricky to target the virus.

Cold-causing virus are not only of     3     kinds, they also     4     rapidly, meaning they can quickly develop resistance to medicine. Researchers are working on making a form of medicine that can be taken directly into one’s lungs, to     5     the chance of side effects. Though these scientists have made     6     advances in their research, further     7     is needed to make sure such drugs are not so     8     that they harm the body.

6 . Directions: After reading the passage below, fill in the blanks to make the passage coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank.

The world’s     1    (famous) heart surgeon, the Egyptian Professor, Sir Magdi Yacoub, has transplanted more hearts than anyone else. To the countless people whose lives he     2    (transform) and saved, he is a hero. Professor Yacoub     3    (inspire) in his work by his father, who was a general surgeon.

Now 66 years old, professor Yacoub still retains his energy and extraordinary enthusiasm for his career. For 43 years, he has dealt with desperate patients whose combination of poor diet, inactive lifestyle and stress overload have caused them to ask for his help.     4     all these experiences, he is very aware of the role of good nutrition and regular exercise in maintaining good health. He eats very well and swims early each morning.

Professor Yacoub’s life is always hectic (狂热的).     5     a donor heart has suddenly been found, then an operation has to take place quickly. He works long hours; he says there are no regular hours for a heart surgeon, as the surgery     6     take place when it needs to be carried out.

For relaxation, professor Yacoub enjoys     7    (garden) and even grows orchids. One dream of     8     is to go to the Amazon one day     9    (see) the rare plants there. He is patron of the Chain of Hope charity, which aims to take medical expense to the developing world. Specialist teams give their time free and travel all over the world to places such as Mozambique and Jamaica to train local surgeons in techniques that     10    (save) lives. This charity also brings needy children to the West necessary heart surgery.

7 . Close your eyes for a minute and imagine what life would be like if you had a hundred dollars less. Also imagine what it would be like spending the rest of your life with your eyes closed. Imagine having to read this page, not with your eyes but with your finger­tips.

With existing medical knowledge and skills, two thirds of the world’s 42 million blind should not have to suffer. Unfortunately, rich countries possess most of this knowledge, while developing countries do not.

ORBIS is an international non­profit organization which operates the world’s only flying teaching eye hospital. ORBIS intends to help fight blindness worldwide. Inside a DC­8 aircraft, there is a fully­equipped teaching hospital with television studio and classroom. Doctors are taught the latest techniques of bringing sight back to people there. Project ORBIS also aims at promoting peaceful cooperation (合作) among countries.

ORBIS tries to help developing countries by providing training during three-week medical programs. ORBIS has taught sight­saving techniques to over 35,000 doctors and nurses, who continue to cure tens of thousands of blind people every year. ORBIS has conducted 17 plane programs in China so far. For the seven to ten million blind in China ORBIS is planning to do more for them. At the moment an ORBIS is working on a long­term plan to develop a training center and to provide eye care service to Shanxi Province. ORBIS needs your help to continue their work and free people from blindness.

For just $ 38, you can help one person see; for $ 380 you can bring sight to 10 people; $ 1,300 helps teach a doctor new skills; and for $ 13,000 you can provide a training programme for a group of doctors who can make thousands of blind people see again. Your money can open their eyes to the world. Please help ORBIS improve the quality of life for so many people less fortunate than ourselves.

1. What do we learn about existing medical knowledge and skills in the world?

A．They are adequate.

B．They have not been updated.

C．They are not equally distributed.

D．They have benefited most of the blind.

2. ORBIS aims to help the blind by ________.

A．teaching medical students

B．training doctors and nurses

C．running flying hospitals globally

D．setting up non­profit organization

3. What can be the best title for the passage?

A．ORBIS in China

B．Fighting Blindness

C．ORBIS Flying Hospital

D．Sight­seeing Techniques

4. The first paragraph is intended to ________.

A．introduce a new way of reading

B．advise the public to lead a simple life

C．direct the public’s attention to the blind

D．Encourage the public to use imagination

8 . 语法填空

Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) isn’t     1     (wide) supported by most Westerners.However,this is starting to change.TCM will be included in the new version of the International Classification of Diseases(ICD),which     2     (bring) out by the WHO in the near future.This is the first time for TCM to be included in the ICD,     3       (serve) as the international standard for diseases and health conditions. 

China has been making every effort     4     ( promote) TCM overseas over the past three years,according to a report     5       (publish) by Xinhua News Agency.In 2015,Chinese scientist Tu Youyou won     6     Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine.She said     7     (she) discovery of the drug that can cure malaria(疟疾) was inspired by traditional Chinese medicine. 

The inclusion of TCM in the ICD is a mainstream acceptance that will have great influence around the world.TCM has seen some     8     (grow) in other countries for all these years.It is reported     9     a number of famous foreign people use it.For example,during the 2016 Rio Summer Olympics,US swimmer Michael Phelps was seen using cupping.Cupping is a traditional Chinese medical practice which has been around     10     more than 2,000 years.