1 . New York University (NYU) surgeons have performed the world’s first transplant of an entire human eye, an extraordinary addition to a face transplant, although it’s far too soon to know if the man will ever see through his new left eye.
An accident had destroyed most of Aaron James’ face and one eye. His right eye still works. But the surgeons hoped replacing the missing one would produce better cosmetic (整容的) results for his new face. The NYU team is doing just that. James is recovering well from the dual (双重的) transplant last May and the donated eye looks remarkably healthy.
Today, transplants of the cornea (眼角膜) are common to treat certain types of vision loss. But transplanting the whole eye—the eyeball, its blood supply, and the critical optic nerve (视神经) that must connect it to the brain—is considered a moonshot in the search to cure blindness.
Whatever will happen next, James’ surgery offers scientists a window into how the human eye tries to heal. “We’re not claiming that we are going to restore sight,” said Dr. Eduardo Rodriguez, who led the transplant. “But there’s no doubt that we are one step closer.”
Some specialists had feared the eye would quickly become dry and wrinkled. However, when Rodriguez opened James’ left eyelid, the donated eye was fat and full of liquid. Doctors see good blood flow and no sign of rejection.
Now researchers have begun analyzing scans of James’ brain that detected some puzzling signals from that all-important but injured optic nerve. Dr. Jeffrey Goldberg, who has long studied how to make eye transplants a reality, called the surgery exciting. “It’s an amazing confirmation of animal experiments that have kept transplanted eyes alive,” he said. “The difficulty now is how to regrow the optic nerve, although animal studies are making progress.” He praised the NYU team’s “boldness” in even aiming for optic nerve repair and hopes the transplant will promote more research.
1. What can be learnt from the first two paragraphs?| A．James is fully content with the surgery result. |
| B．The surgery to replace James’ missing eye is underway. |
| C．James can see through his transplanted eye pretty soon. |
| D．The surgeons have transplanted the face and an eye to James. |
| A．A task impossible to complete. |
| B．A fantasy existing in the virtual world. |
| C．A project extremely tough to accomplish. |
| D．A mission probable to be complete without effort. |
| A．How to obtain better cosmetic results. |
| B．How to make further progress in animal studies. |
| C．How to stop the transplanted eye from being infected. |
| D．How to grow the optic nerve of the transplanted eye again. |
| A．James Received Transplanted Eye Perfectly |
| B．NYU Doctors Perform World’s First Eye Transplant |
| C．Various Methods to Treat Different Types of Vision Loss |
| D．Advances Made in Eye Transplant and Optic Nerve Repair |
1. Who is the woman?
| A．A student. | B．A teacher. | C．A doctor. |
| A．At the age of seven. | B．At the age of ten. | C．At the age of seventeen. |
| A．Frightened. | B．Unconcerned. | C．Worried. |
| A．He is optimistic and helpful. |
| B．He can’t go to school anymore. |
| C．He has to go to the hospital every week. |
Ancient Chinese healing methods
Currently celebrating its 10th anniversary, the BRI,
In Budapest, Traditional Chinese Medicine Center of Hungary (Qihuang Center) provides
After
The center has also helped Jozsef’s son, Csaba Frenyo, who has been struggling with obesity-related health
1. Where is the speaker now?
| A．In a hospital. | B．In a college. | C．In a pet school. |
| A．It cures the patients. | B．It makes patients feel better. | C．It helps do a lot of things. |
| A．Play with patients and their children. |
| B．Accompany patients to their hospital rooms. |
| C．Be familiar with the hospital and pick up things. |
A fateful conversation inspired the creation of the First Aid Kit, which was released in 1888. Aboard a train heading to Colorado for vacation, company
However, Kilmer knew that the kits, themselves, were not enough. They needed to include explanation and training. Since its founding, the company had prided itself on
6 . With the weather getting colder and the days becoming shorter, some people are noticing they have less energy and aren’t feeling as positive as they usually do.
Researchers aren’t yet clear on what causes SAD, but it's likely to be complex. Some research suggests it could be due to a malfunctioning hypothalamus (下丘脑功能不全) or producing too much melatonin (a hormone which controls our sleep-wake cycle). Some researchers theorize it could also be due to having a disrupted circadian rhythm(昼夜节奏混乱).
Some people notice that their symptoms start to improve when the seasons begin to change and spring approaches.
Aside from seeking professional help, there are a couple of other things that people can do to help them cope with SAD during their day.
| A．Colder weather and less daylight may have you feeling a bit more down lately. |
| B．Research also shows that lifestyle factors can play an important role in both causing and managing depression. |
| C．According to one study, getting more natural light during the day may help improve symptoms. |
| D．Of course, there may be other factors at play too. |
| E．But this doesn’t mean that there aren't many things people can do during the winter months to help them cope with their symptoms. |
| F．While these feelings may be temporary for some, around one in three people consistently struggle through the autumn and winter months. |
| G．Light therapy is also currently being investigated as a treatment for SAD. |
1. Who is the speech targeted for?
| A．American private doctors. | B．American college students. | C．Overseas students. |
| A．Public clinics. | B．Private clinics. | C．Private doctors. |
| A．Travel with their family. |
| B．Take their personal health records. |
| C．Have a yearly medical examination. |
8 . Dogs can smell things at concentrations of one part in a trillion—equal to a single drop in a pond the size of 20 Olympic swimming pools. That ability is put to good use by human begins. Trained dogs can sniff out explosives and drugs, even tracking missing people. They can also detect (发现) illnesses, including cancer, malaria, Parkinson’s disease and COVID-19, before obvious symptoms appear. A study published in 2019, for example, suggested that trained dogs were able, 97% of the time, to identify blood samples taken from patients with lung cancer.
Training dogs, however, takes time. Trainers must be paid. The animals themselves get tired and bored. Dogs are not, then, a practical answer to the question of how to detect illness quickly. But fruit flies might be. Unlike dogs, they are cheap and disposable—and their senses are just as good. Along with technology tailored to their talents, they could provide economical and easy ways of detecting cancer, and also offer an alternative to laboratory tests for COVID that might be welcome in countries with limited budgets.
Giovanni Galizia is one leading researcher of the University of Konstanz, in Germany. Fruit flies smell things using their feelers, and Dr Galizia has genetically modified (改变) his flies. When the flies get the smell of the cells with illness, a change in their brain activity can be seen under a microscope. With the help of machine learning, Dr Galizia can recognize the patterns to detect illness.
Whether this idea will come to fruition remains to be seen. Medical regulators will have to be convinced that what may seem wacky at first glance is actually practical. But doctors have been encouraged to use animals’ noses to assist diagnosis (诊断) since ancient times. Having a little assistance from fruit flies might be no bad thing.
1. What do dogs and fruit flies have in common?| A．They do not cost money. |
| B．The can detect drugs. |
| C．The have equally good senses. |
| D．They offer practical ways to detect illness quickly. |
| A．Strange. | B．Interesting. |
| C．Amazing. | D．Harmful. |
| A．Animals’ Special Functions |
| B．Easy Ways of Detecting Cancer |
| C．Human Beings’ Great Helpers |
| D．A New Approach to Detecting Illness |
9 . Modern medicine and the latest technology can save many lives. If you live in a country where healthcare is readily available and accessible, then your chances of recovering from illnesses or accidents are very good. But for many people in the US who are uninsured (无保险的), they can't afford these new medical treatments. That's why Doctor Demetrio Aguila in Norfolk lets poor patients pay for surgery (外科手术) through volunteer work.
“For years I had been doing surgery for patients and taking care of their health problems. Then I would find out months later, sometimes years later, that I had caused their financial ruin，” Aguila said. Serious illnesses can completely deplete a family's savings, leaving them no choice but to go bankrupt (破产).
Then he formed Healing Hands M25 as a way to give poor patients the medical fees they need by donating their time to community service. The process is pretty simple. They practice partners with local charitable organizations. The patient picks the charity and donates his time and sweat; Aguila determines the amount of volunteer hours the patient has to complete. “We've lowered the cost of healthcare. We've made it fair for everybody involved，” Aguila said.
The first patient to participate in the program was Jeffrey Jenson who worked for 560 hours to pay for surgery on his leg. Jenson asked his friends and family to help him complete the hours. Jenson said that his volunteer work greatly affected his life as much as the surgery. “The M25 program is not about money — it's about if people come together to help other people, then the community becomes better，” said Jenson.
This program is a big win for the patients, the local community, and Dr Aguila who knows he has done everything he could to help his patients.
1. How does Aguila make poor patients pay for surgery?| A．In cash. |
| B．Through an insurance company. |
| C．By doing volunteer work. |
| D．By serving the doctor. |
| A．Set aside. | B．Use up. |
| C．Cut down. | D．Add to. |
| A．What Healing Hands M25 does. |
| B．How Healing Hands M25 works. |
| C．Why Aguila runs Healing Hands M25. |
| D．Why patients choose Healing Hands M25. |
10 . Foreseeing a time when a patient's own cells may be harvested, multiplied, and fashioned into a replacement organ, researchers in Boston have successfully transplanted laboratory grown bladders (肾) into six dogs.
For a century, physicians have replaced diseased or damaged bladders by removing sections of a person's intestines (肠子）and shaping them into a substitute bladder. While the procedure offers some relief to patients, complications often develop because nature designs intestinal tissue for a purpose-absorbing nutrients-other than holding waste liquid of the body. “You start absorbing stuff that should be removed," says Anthony Atala of the Children's Hospital in Boston.
Other physicians have turned to human-made materials to create artificial bladders, but those efforts have also run into problems. Consequently, to build a better bladder, Atala and his colleagues decided to employ the organ's own cells.
To turn the cells into an organ, the researchers first form plastic which can break down naturally into bladder-shaped shell. They then coat its outside and inside with layers of cells needed.
To test this strategy, Atala's group obtained bladder tissue from dogs and grew it into organs. After removing the dogs' bladders, the investigators implanted(移植）the artificial ones coming from the dogs' own cells. Within a month, the organs began to perform like normal bladders.
Within three months, the plastic shells had broken down naturally, and the implanted organs were hard to distinguish from natural ones, Blood vessels(血管） quickly grew into them. Moreover, nerves seem to form proper connections with the new organs, allowing the dogs to regain normal control of their bladders. Some dogs have had the artificial bladders for nearly a year without any problems nearly a year without any problems.
While the bladders of dogs closely resemble those of people, Atala warns that more testing of this transplant strategy must occur before artificial bladders are ready for the clinic.
1. The traditional method of shaping parts of intestines into a substitute bladder ________.| A．allows the patient to absorb useless things |
| B．brings the patient a lot of sufferings |
| C．prevents the patient from absorbing nutrients |
| D．worsens both the function of the intestines and the bladder |
| A．worked perfectly as long as three months |
| B．began to work as well as a normal one in a few weeks |
| C．proved to be able to work for several years |
| D．did not work properly until after a month |
| A．What suits dogs' bladders will also suit human bladders. |
| B．Dogs' bladders can be implanted into human bodies. |
| C．Human bladders may well be different from dogs. |
| D．Artificial bladders grown in dogs can be used for human beings |
| A．The way of turning intestines into bladders. |
| B．The prospect of manufacturing plastic bladders. |
| C．The history of making artificial bladders. |
| D．The possibility of making bladders from their own cells. |
