1 . If you walk into W. Lloyd Jerome’s dental surgery in the centre of Glasgow, you’ll see bright modern paintings on the wall and a fashionable blue couch which patients sit on while he checks their teeth. Jerome says, “Fifty per cent of the population only go to the dentist when they’re in pain rather than attending for regular check-ups. That’s because they’re frightened.”
To counteract this, he has tried to create an environmental where people are not afraid. “That’s why I took the decision not to wear a white coat. I find that’s one of the things that people associate with pain. In fact, my philosophy is that dental treatment should take place in an atmosphere of relaxation, interest and above all enjoyment.”
Which is all highly shocking for anyone (most of us in fact) who has learned to associate dental treatment with pain, or at the very least, with formal, clinical visits. Jerome says, “If people are relaxed, entertained and correctly treated, they will forget such previous negative experiences.”
Virtual-reality headsets are one of his new relaxation techniques. “We were the first practice in Britain to introduce them and they’re proving very popular. The headsets are used for the initial check-up, where the patient sits comfortably on the blue couch and watches a film about underwater wildlife while I look at their teeth. Then the headset switches to a special camera, to give the patient a visual tour around their mouth.” Surprisingly, most patients seem to enjoy this part of their visit to the dentist.
Although he is known as Glasgow’s most fashionable dentist, Jerome is keen to point out that the takes his work very seriously. “The relaxation techniques are important but the quality of the treatment is of course the most important thing.” For example, Jerome uses a special instrument which sprays warm water on the teeth to clean them, rather than scraping them. “It feels a bit strange at first, but as long as people are relaxed, it’s not painful at all.”
Five years ago, Jerome went to the United States to do research into dental techniques. “One of the things I found out there was that when you make it easier for the patient you make it easier for yourself,” he explains. He sees his patient-centred attitude as the start of a gradual movement towards less formality in the conservative British dentistry profession.
1. W. Lloyd Jerome doesn’t wear a white coat at work because ______.| A．it is not fashionable enough |
| B．it reminds patients of pain |
| C．it makes him look serious |
| D．it does not wash easily |
| A．The virtual-reality headsets. |
| B．The environment of his clinic. |
| C．The visual tour of patients’ own mouth. |
| D．The special equipment that sprays warm water. |
| A．British dentistry profession is not formal enough |
| B．dentists should put themselves before patients |
| C．being patient-centred is a win-win approach |
| D．dental techniques are not that important |
| A．patients can enjoy their visits to the dentists’ |
| B．Britain can compare with the U. S. in dentistry |
| C．people will realize the importance of dental care |
| D．people will have regular dental check-ups for relaxation |
2 . Elizabeth wouldn’t walk or talk as an infant. Angela’s left leg was so enlarged that it hurt to stand. Emma needed a breathing machine just to sleep. Their suffering may take different forms, but their stories share a common thread: Neither they nor their families knew what was actually causing these issues.
Undiagnosed diseases are more common than you might think. Tens of millions of Americans likely suffer from disorders they cannot name. For many, the symptoms are minor. But in some cases, patients come to their doctors with serious problems caused by diseases that challenge medical knowledge.
Those cases are precisely where the Undiagnosed Diseases Network (UDN) steps in. Established in 2008, the UDN’s mission is to provide answers for patients with diseases that doctors are unable to diagnose. Anyone can apply to the program and the UDN works hard to screen every application it receives.
Today, the UDN covers 12 clinical sites around the country, and has evaluated over 1,400 patients. More than 400 of those patients have received a diagnosis thanks to the UDN. In some of these cases, the network is able to match a patient with an already known condition. In others, UDN researchers must work to describe an entirely new disease and enter it into the medical dictionary. The program has added at least 25 entirely new diseases in this way. Additionally, the UDN covers the cost of the tests, meaning patients aren’t burdened with crushing medical debt.
This kind of groundbreaking work helps more than just the patients themselves. Insights from studying rare diseases offer new knowledge about the human body that can benefit all of us. For example, the discovery of statins, a class of drugs commonly recommended today to help regulate high blood pressure, arose from the study of a rare genetic disorder.
“I think they’ve really advanced and changed the whole model for how we approach many of these illnesses,” says Anne Pariser, director of the Office of Rare Diseases Research. She says the UDN’s multidisciplinary approach — bringing different specialists together to talk about challenging cases — has helped advance the field of rare disease research, especially when it comes to genetic diseases.
Living with a disease without a name can be its own kind of suffering. “You grow up feeling like, I’m in this, crazy, all by myself, and no one really understands me,” says Angela Moon, a UDN participant. For patients like her, the UDN offers hope for treatment, but also for finally being seen.
1. The purpose of the first paragraph is to ________.| A．arouse the readers’ interest in the UDN |
| B．give a vivid description of rare diseases |
| C．introduce the background for the UDN’s founding |
| D．raise a complicated problem that will be solved later |
| A．the way the UDN is operated nationwide |
| B．the progress the UDN has made so far |
| C．the reasons why the UDN is so popular |
| D．the development stages the UDN has gone through |
| A．She used to live in despair. |
| B．She failed to identify with others. |
| C．She is receiving treatment now. |
| D．There will be a cure for her condition. |
| A．It has helped spread the knowledge of undiagnosed diseases. |
| B．It prioritizes participants’ privacy over solving medical mysteries. |
| C．It is specifically designed to deal with challenging genetic diseases. |
| D．It emphasizes close cooperation between specialists in separate fields. |
3 . Ellen Weiss can hardly see David Schmitt can barely hear. Are they typical victims of aging's cruelest blows? Not really. Weiss is actually a fresh resident doctor in family practice, age 30, and Schmitt a medical student, 26. They have been assigned roles, ages and particular illnesses as an innovative part of their medical training.
Introduced in only a few medical centers so far, such role playing is designed to expose doctors to the pains endured by the patients. It is just one of several techniques being tried at medical schools and hospitals in an attempt to deal with the most universal complaint about doctors: lack of sympathy. “Residents are usually young and healthy.” says Dr. Stephen Brunton. “They've not really had a chance to understand what patients go through.”
Role-playing programs give them a crash course. At Hunterdon, students' faces are instantly aged with cornflour and make up. Next the disabilities are laid on: gloves cripple fingers, and peas inside shoes prevent walking. Then the ersatz invalids are asked to perform common tasks: purchasing medication at the drugstore, undressing for x rays, fling out a Medicare form and, most awkward, using the bathroom themselves.
At Long Beach, new residents assume made-up illnesses and cheek into the hospital for an overnight stay, The staff treats them as they would any other patient, even sending them a bill. The entire entering class of medical students at the Uniformed Services University of the Heath Sciences are issued bedpans and told to use them. Some are even subjected to an indignity: spending most part of the first day of school as people with disabilities.
Instant patients usually start out activated and joking. “But by the end of a few hours, most say, ‘I'm exhausted.’” observes nurse Linda Bryant at Hunterdon. Schmitt discovered that “a major accomplishment was doing up my collar.” And, to his surprise, “I wound up hating physicians who didn't realize how much medication would cost and how hard it was to go and pick it up.” Weiss also learnt: “I realized how little I talk to patients. I might ask them about chest pains but not ‘Can you get dressed, eat O. K, take your medicine?” Jeffroy Ortiz thought he was in for a quiet rest when he was sent to the intensive care unit, suffering from “chest pains.” Instead he spent a sleepless night: “People were coming in to do labs, the man in the next bed was groaning, and the heart monitor was bleeping, which was noisy and scary.”
Any patient could have told him so, but many educators believe the direct experience of such miseries will leave an enduring sense of sympathy. Doctors have long defended taking a cool, dispassionate approach to patient care, arguing that it helps preserve objective judgment and protect against burnout. But critics disagree. “By concentrating on symptoms and lab data, we ignore a wealth of information that can affect patients' well - being.” observes Dr. Simon Auster at the Uniformed Services medical school.
1. According to the passage, the role-playing programme is designed ________.| A．as an innovative part in the local community |
| B．as part of the play the residents have to watch |
| C．to help doctors understand the pains endured by the patients |
| D．to expose students to school facilities in a vivid way |
| A．Local patients who usually start out activated and joking. |
| B．Students who make up their faces to look aged. |
| C．Doctors who perform common tasks that may not occur in real hospitals. |
| D．Customers who purchase medications and undress for X rays with the help of students. |
| A．fill in a Medicare table | B．are using the washroom on their own |
| C．are issued bedpans and told to try them | D．meet with someone they know well |
| A．Residents should always take a cool approach without sympathy to patient care in their job. |
| B．Doctors ought to be completely independent from the symptoms and be previous lab data. |
| C．Doctors may ignore information influencing the patients' health only by focusing on symptoms. |
| D．Experience in role-playing programs won't help the new doctors preserve objective judgment. |
4 . Shortages of flu vaccine are nothing new in America, but this year’s is a whopper. Until last week, it appeared that 100 million Americans would have access to flu shots this fall. Then British authorities, concerned about quality-control problems at a production plant in Liverpool, bailed all further shipments by the Chiron Corp. Overnight, the U.S. vaccine supply dwindled by nearly half and federal health officials found themselves making an unusual appeal. Instead of pleading with us all to get vaccinated, they’re now urging most healthy people between the ages of 2 and 64 not to. “This re-emphasizes the fragility of our vaccine supply,” says Dr. Martin Myers of the National Network for Immunization Information, “and the lack of redundancy in our system.”
Why is such a basic health service so easily knocked out? Mainly because private companies have had little incentive to pursue it. To create a single dose of flu vaccine, a manufacture has to grow live virus in a 2-week-old fertilized chicken egg, then crack the egg, harvest the virus and extract the proteins used to provoke an immune response. Profit margins are narrow, demand is changeable and, because each year’s flu virus is different, any leftover vaccine goes to waste. As a result the United States now has only two major suppliers (Chiron and Aventis Pasteur) and when one of them runs into trouble, there isn’t much the other can do about it. “A vaccine maker can’t just call up and order 40 million more fertilized eggs,” says Manon Cox, of Connecticut-based Protein Sciences Corp. “There’s a whole industry that’s scheduled to produce a certain number of eggs at a certain time.”
Sleeker technologies are now in the works, and experts are hoping that this year’s complete failure will speed the pace of innovation. The main challenge is to shift production from eggs into cell cultures—a medium already used to make most other vaccines. Flu vaccines are harder than most to produce this way, but several biotech companies are now pursuing this strategy, and one culture-based product (Solvay Pharmaceuticals’ Invivac) has been cleared for marketing in Europe.
For America, the immediate challenge is to make the most of a limited supply. The government estimates that 95 million people still qualify for shots under the voluntary restrictions announced last week. That’s nearly twice the number of doses that clinics will have on hand, but only 60 million Americans seek out shots in a normal year. In fact, many experts are hoping the shortage will serve as an awareness campaign — encouraging the people who really need a flu shot to get one.
1. Shortage of flu vaccine show that ________.| A．America relies too much on foreign suppliers |
| B．the demand of flu vaccines is high this year |
| C．quality problem is a serious problem in flu vaccine production |
| D．the supply of flu vaccines is rather weak and America has no back-up measures to make it up |
| A．complicated process, high cost, low profit and high risk |
| B．shortages of fertilized chicken eggs |
| C．difficulty in growing live virus |
| D．fast changing of flu virus |
| A．the government hopes to solve the problem by way of volunteer restrictions |
| B．more than 47 million Americans who are qualified to get flu vaccine shots cannot get hem this year |
| C．America has to deal with a limited supply of flu vaccines this year |
| D．normally only a small percentage of American population gets flu vaccine shots each year |
| A．All Americans are persuaded not to get vaccinated this year. |
| B．The big problem in innovating flu vaccine producing technique is how to grow virus in a new way. |
| C．More flu vaccines cannot be produced in a short time because private companies refuse to produce more. |
| D．Flu vaccines are easier than most vaccines to produce through cell cultures. |
5 . 
WHO IS LIPITOR FOR?
Who can take LIPITOR:
• People who cannot lower their cholesterol (胆固醇) enough with diet and exercise
• Adults and children over 10
Who should NOT take LIPITOR:
• Women who are pregnant, may be pregnant, or may become pregnant. LIPITOR may harm your unborn baby. If you become pregnant, stop LIPITOR and call your doctor right away
• Women who are breast-feeding. LIPITOR can pass into your breast milk and may harm your baby
• People with liver problems or allergic (过敏的) to anything in LIPITOR
HOW TO TAKE LIPITOR
Do:
• Take LIPITOR at any time of day, with or without food
• If you miss a dose, take it as soon as you remember. But if it has been more than 12 hours since your missed dose, wait. Take the next dose at your regular time
Don’t:
• Do not change or stop your dose before talking to your doctor
• Do not give your LIPITOR to other people. It may harm them even if your problems are the same
POSSIBLE SIDE EFFECTS OF LIPITOR
Serious side effects in a small number of people:
• Muscle problems that can lead to kidney problems, including kidney failure. Your chance for muscle problem is higher if you take certain other medicines with LIPITOR
• Liver problems. Your doctor may do blood tests to check your liver before you start LIPITOR and while you are taking it
Call your doctor right away if you have:
• Unexplained muscle weakness or pain, especially if you have a fever or feel very tired
• Allergic reactions including swelling (肿胀) of the face, lips, tongue, and/or throat that may cause difficulty in breathing or swallowing which may require treatment right away
• Nausea, vomiting (呕吐) or stomach pain
• Feeling more tired than usual
• Your skin and whites of your eyes turn yellow
• Allergic skin reactions
Common side effects of LIPITOR are:
• Diarrhea (腹泻)
• Muscle and joint pain
• Upset stomach
• Changes in some blood tests
NEED MORE INFORMATION?
• Ask your doctor or health care provider
• Go to www.lipitor.com
1. LIPITOR is a medicine ________.
| A．specially designed for young kids | B．to cure serious liver problems |
| C．that can lower the risk for heart attack | D．for mothers-to-be to lower cholesterol |
| A．Drinking alcohol twice a day. | B．Changes in medical tests. |
| C．Discomfort and ache in muscles. | D．Feeling tired after a day’s work. |
| A．LIPITOR should never be taken with other food at the same time. |
| B．Skipping is the best choice for those who have missed one dose. |
| C．Recommendation is encouraged if one feels LIPITOR to be good. |
| D．People can consult the professionals for details of the medicine. |
6 . SOME SECRETS HOSPITALS WON'T TELL YOU
1.
It's more cost-effective — and usually OK — to bring your own medicines from home, but the hospital pharmacy will have to check them to confirm they are what the bottle says. Just ask your doctor to write the order.
MICHELE CURTIS, MD,
a doctor in Houston, Texas
2.
In many hospitals, VIP patients get special treatment. They may stay in special areas or have a VIP notation on their chart, which means that whenever their bell goes off, we are expected to make that patient's request a priority, whether it's "I need some water" or "Can you get me some stamps?" Hospitals don't add more nurses；they just take away from the care everybody else gets.
DEBORAH BURGER, RN
3.
Eight out of ten hospital bills we see contain an error, so check your bill carefully. You may identify a drug you didn't take. Or you know that discontinued treatment on Tuesday, but you were charged for Wednesday. The number on the bill is only a starting point. Try to negotiate for 35 to 50 percent off the charges.
PAT PALMER, CEO of Medical Billing
Advocates of America
4.
Hospitals used not to care about you once you were discharged (出院). But under new rules, they face financial punishment if you are re-admitted within 30 days. So now you may get a call from a nurse case manager a day or two after you're discharged asking if you have any questions, checking if you got your prescription filled, and making sure you have transportation to your follow-up appointment.
JOHN W. MITCHELL,
former CEO of three hospitals
5.
You can stay overnight in the hospital but never officially be "admitted." Instead, the hospital can say you are there "under observation." That can be tricky for seniors because if they're then sent to nursing home for rehab (复原). Medicare won't pay for it unless they were actually admitted. Always ask whether you're admitted.
DEBORAH BURGER, RN
6.
One time, I ran into a patient I had performed an appendectomy (阑尾切除) on. He thanked me for saving his life; then he told me it almost ruined him because he couldn't pay the bill. Four hours in the hospital, and they charged him $12,000, and that didn't even include my fee. I showed his bill to some other doctors. We took out an ad in the newspaper demanding change.
HANS RECHSTEINER, MD.
a general surgeon in northern Wisconsin
1. Which of the secrets above offer advice on lowering treatment fees?| A．1 and 3 | B．5 and 3 | C．2 and 4 | D．1 and 6 |
| A．Low cost of Hans Rechsteiner's operation. | B．The human side of medical staff. |
| C．The difficulty of putting ads in newspaper. | D．The ease with which an appendectomy is performed. |
| A．Elder patients should be alert to whether they are admitted. |
| B．Some hospitals were indifferent to patients leaving hospitals. |
| C．Nursing staff may fail to attend to some patients promptly. |
| D．Hospitals will be fined if an error on the bill is found. |
7 . The robotic doctor will see you now
In the age of social distancing, using robots for some health care interactions is a promising way to reduce in-person contact between health care workers and sick patients. However, a key question that needs to be answered is how patients will react to a robot entering the exam room.
“We're actively working on robots that can help provide care to maximize the safety of both the patient and the health care workforce.
After the Covid-19 pandemic began early last year, Traverso and his colleagues turned their attention toward new strategies to minimize interactions between potentially sick patients and health care workers. To that end, they worked with Boston Dynamics to create a mobile robot that could interact with patients as they waited in the emergency department. The robots were equipped with sensors that allow them to measure vital signs, including skin temperature, breathing rate, and pulse rate.
The study suggests that it could be worthwhile to try to develop robots that can perform procedures that currently require a lot of human effort, such as turning a patient over in bed, the researchers say. Turning Covid-19 patients onto their stomachs has been shown to improve their blood oxygen levels and make breathing easier.
| A．The robots also carried an iPad that allowed for remote video communication with a health care provider. |
| B．Up to 30 percent of the participants reported that they were concerned with the robotic system. |
| C．Researchers from MIT and Brigham and Women’s Hospital recently set out to answer that question. |
| D．Currently the process requires several people to perform. |
| E．However, the question still remained whether patients would be receptive to this type of interaction. |
| F．The results of this study give us some confidence that people are ready and willing to engage with us on those fronts. |
8 . If you followed the 2016 Rio Olympic Games, you may have noticed that several athletes, including US swimmer Michael Phelps, had circular bruises on their bodies. These bruises were the results of “cupping therapy”, a traditional Chinese medical practice that has been around for more than 2,000 years.
Cupping therapy involves attaching circular cups to the skin using suction(吸力). The suction is created either by heating the cup inside or by using a handheld pump. This suction pulls the skin upward into the cup. Sometimes it can leave dark red bruises, other times there is no mark at all.
Many athletes say that they have benefited from the therapy. Phelps used the therapy in the fall of 2014 and has used it about twice a week since, reported ABC News. Another US swimmer, Dana Vollmer, also believes that “it really helps with blood flow, and helps pull swelling out of different areas.”
However, some have said that the supposed health effects result from people feeling that the treatment works, rather than any physical effects of the treatment.
To figure out whether cupping therapy has any physical effects, last year researchers from Germany carried out a test in which a sham(假装的) treatment was provided.
In the study, the same type of cups was used in the real treatment and the sham treatment. But in the sham treatment, the cups had a hole at the top so that they couldn’t create the proper suction.
The tested patients, who suffered from a disorder(疾病) that causes a lot of pain, were told that they would receive either a traditional cupping or “soft cupping”. But they were not informed that the so-called “soft cupping” was a sham treatment.
It turned out that most patients correctly guessed which kind of cupping they had received. In both groups, patients also experienced about the same reductions in pain. The results suggest the effects of cupping therapy might come fro factors that are not necessarily part of the treatment itself, the researchers told the Live Science website.
The question of whether cupping therapy works still needs to be answered. But because the treatment is relatively safe and it could be helpful for some people, “the therapy can be used as a part of a comprehensive treatment program involving other exercises, nutritional choices and lifestyle interventions(干预)”, Dr Brent Bauer, director of the US’ Mayo Clinic Complementary and Integrative Medicine Program, told Live Science.
1. Which of the following statements is TRUE about cupping therapy?| A．It leaves bruises every time. | B．Heating is crucial to cupping therapy. |
| C．The key to cupping therapy is suction. | D．It has been widely used in Western countries. |
| A．prove the health effects of cupping therapy |
| B．see whether cupping therapy has a physical effect |
| C．compare traditional cupping and the soft cupping |
| D．compare cupping therapy’s effects on different groups of people |
| A．Different types of cups were used for different cupping therapies. |
| B．Patients knew which kind of cupping treatment they would receive before the treatment. |
| C．The real treatment and the sham treatment were almost equally effective for patients. |
| D．The results show the effects of cupping therapy result from people’s belief in the treatment |
| A．easy and convenient to carry out |
| B．newly invented and untraditional |
| C．requiring a long period of time to take effect |
| D．including everything that is important and necessary |
9 . For years, the U. S. has experienced a shortage of registered nurses. The Bureau of Labor Statistics projects that while the number of nurses will increase by 19 percent by 2022, demand will grow faster than supply, and that there will be over one million unfilled nursing jobs by then.
So what's the solution? Robots.
Japan is ahead of the curve when it comes to this trend. Toyohashi University of Technology has developed Terapio, a robotic medical cart that can make hospital rounds, deliver medications and other items, and retrieve records. It follows a specific individual, such as a doctor or nurse, who can use it to record and access patient data. This type of robot will likely be one of the first to be implemented in hospitals because it has fairly minimal patient contact.
Robots capable of social engagement help with loneliness as well as cognitive functioning, but the robot itself doesn't have to engage directly—it can serve as an intermediary for human communication. Telepresence robots such as MantaroBot, Vgo, and Giraff can be controlled through a computer, smartphone, or tablet, allowing family members or doctors to remotely monitor patients or Skype them, often via a screen where the robot's ' face' would be. If you can't get to the nursing home to visit grandma, you can use a telepresence robot to hang out with her. A 2016 study found that users had a "consistently positive attitude" about the Giraff robot's ability to enhance communication and decrease feelings of loneliness.
A robot's appearance affects its ability to successfully interact with humans, which is why the RIKEN-TRI Collaboration Center for Human-Interactive Robot Research decided to develop a robotic nurse that looks like a huge teddy bear. RIBA (Robot for Interactive Body Assistance), also known as ‘Robear', can help patients into and out of wheelchairs and beds with its strong arms.
It's important to note that robotic nurses don't decide courses of treatment or make diagnoses (though robot doctors and surgeons may not be far off). Instead, they perform routine and laborious tasks, freeing nurses up to attend to patients with immediate needs. This is one industry where it seems the integration of robots will lead to collaboration, not replacement.
1. What does the author say about Japan?| A．It delivers the best medications for the elderly. |
| B．It takes the lead in providing robotic care. |
| C．It provides retraining for registered nurses. |
| D．It sets the trend in future robotics technology. |
| A．It has been put to use in many Japanese hospitals. |
| B．It provides specific individualized care to patients. |
| C．It does not have much direct contact with patients. |
| D．It has not revolutionized medical service in Japan. |
| A．Directly interact with patients to prevent them from feeling lonely. |
| B．Cater to the needs of patients for recovering their cognitive capacity. |
| C．Closely monitor the patients' movements and conditions around the clock. |
| D．Facilitate communication between patients and doctors or family members. |
| A．Doctors and surgeons will soon be laid off. |
| B．The robotics industry will soon take off. |
| C．Robots will not make nurses redundant. |
| D．Collaboration will not replace competition. |
10 . Over the last decade, demand for the cosmetic surgery has increased by more than 400 percent. According to Dr. Dai Davies, of the Plastic Surgery Partnership in Hammersmith, the majority of cosmetic surgery patients are not chasing physical perfection. Rather, they are driven to improve their appearance by a desire to look normal. “What we all crave is to look normal. The advertising media give us a perception(概念)of what is physically acceptable and we feel we must look like that.”
In America, the debate is no longer about whether surgery is normal; rather, it centres on what age people should be before going under the knife. New York surgeon Dr. Gerard Imber recommends “maintenance” work for people in their thirties. “The idea of waiting until one needs a heroic transformation is silly,” he says. “By then, you've wasted 20 great years of your life and allowed things to get out of hand.” Dr. Imber draws the line at operating on people who are under 18, however. “It seems that someone we don't consider old enough to order a drink shouldn't be considering plastic surgery.”
In the U. K. cosmetic surgery has long been seen as the exclusive domain(领土)of the very rich and famous. But the cost of treatment has fallen considerably, bringing all but the most advanced laser technology within the reach of most people. Dr. Davies says, “Of course, ￡3,000 for an operation is a lot of money. But it is also an investment for life which costs about half the price of a good family holiday.”
Dr. Davies suspects that the increasing sophistication(精密)of the fat injecting and removal techniques that allow patients to be treated with a local anesthetic(麻醉)in an afternoon has also helped promote the popularity of cosmetic surgery. One woman who recently paid f2, 500 for liposuction to remove fat from her thighs admitted, “Going into the clinic was so low key and effective that it whetted my appetite. Now I don't think there's any operation that I would rule out having if I could afford it.”
1. The statement “draws the line at operating on people” (Paragraph 2) is closest in meaning to ________.| A．removing wrinkles from the face | B．helping people make up |
| C．enjoying operating | D．refusing to operate |
| A．cosmetic surgery, though costly, is worth having |
| B．cosmetic surgery is too expensive |
| C．cosmetic surgery is necessary even for the average person |
| D．cosmetic surgery is mainly for the rich and famous |
| A．it is wise to have cosmetic surgery under 18 |
| B．cosmetic surgery is now much easier |
| C．people tend to abuse cosmetic surgery |
| D．the earlier people have cosmetic surgery, the better they will be |
| A．the advantage of having cosmetic surgery |
| B．what kind of people should have cosmetic surgery. |
| C．the reason why cosmetic surgery is so popular. |
| D．the disadvantage of having cosmetic surgery |
