1 . Everybody should have some first aid techniques,because accidents and medical emergencies can happen anywhere at any time and in such an urgent situation lives can be saved. St. John First Aid courses give you the knowledge and confidence to provide effective first aid whenever it is needed.
First Aid Level 1
Ideal for anyone who wants to learn basic first aid or needs to renew their first aid qualification (资格). Courses can be held at St. John or your workplace.
Fee: $162 (includes GST)
Duration: eight hours
First Aid Level 2
Includes all course content from First Aid Level 1,plus an additional half day. Ideal for special first aiders,health and safety managers and anyone who needs a first aid qualification.
Fee: $235 (includes GST)
Duration: twelve hours
Pre-Hospital Emergency Care (PHEC)
Advanced training for first aiders who already hold unit standards 6400 and 6402. Ideal for people who require advanced first aid skills or a pre-hospital emergency care qualification for their work.
Fee: $635 (includes GST)
Duration: three days
Child First Aid
Ideal for parents,grandparents and other family caregivers.A recognized qualification for childcare workers.
Fee: $65 (includes GST)
Duration: four hours
Outdoor First Aid
First aid response to accidents and medical emergencies in the wilderness. For groups of eight or more.
Duration: one to two days depending on experience
Sports First Aid
First aid response to common sports injuries and medical emergencies. Includes ACC injury prevention advice.
Fee: $65 (includes GST)(If you are a trainer, you can get a 20% discount.)
Duration: eight hours
1. If you are going to camp,which course should you choose in advance?| A．Child First Aid. | B．Sports First Aid. |
| C．First Aid Level 1. | D．Outdoor First Aid. |
| A．$162 | B．$78 | C．$65 | D．$52 |
| A．First aid in childcare. | B．Basic emergency care. |
| C．Advanced first aid skills. | D．Injury prevention methods. |
2 . Professors at the University of California San Diego have developed microrobots, which can be a potential treatment for life-threatening cases of bacterial pneumonia, a serious disease affecting lungs and making breathing difficult. In mice, the microrobots safely removed pneumonia-causing bacteria in the lungs and resulted in 100% survival while untreated mice all died within three days after infection.
The microrobots are made of algae (藻类) cells whose surfaces are covered with substances that are filled with antibiotics (抗生素). The algae provides movement, which allows the microrobots to swim around and make antibiotics go directly to more bacteria in the lungs, helping absorb bacteria and clear them of infected cells. This give the microrobots the ability to reduce bacterial infection, which in turn makes them more effective at fighting lung infection.
The work is a joint effort by engineering professors Joseph and Zhang Liangfang. Together, they have pioneered the development of tiny drug-delivering robots that can be safely used in live animals to treat bacterial infections in the stomach and blood. Treating bacterial lung infection is the latest in their line of work.
“In the traditional treatment, sometimes only a very small number of antibiotics will get into the lungs. That’s why many current antibiotic treatments for pneumonia don’t work as well as needed,” said Victor Nizet, a co-worker of Joseph and Zhang “Based on these mouse data, we see that the microrobots could potentially improve the use of antibiotics to kill bacteria and save more patients’ lives.”
The work is still at the proof-of-concept stage. The team plans to do more basic research to understand exactly how the microrobots interact with the immune system (免疫系统). Next steps also include studies to confirm the effectiveness of the microrobot treatment before testing it in larger animals and eventually, in humans. “We’re pushing the boundary further in the field of targeted drug delivery,” said Zhang.
1. How do microrobots work?| A．By doing targeted drug delivery. |
| B．By interacting with antibiotic-filled matter. |
| C．By producing algae cells in lungs. |
| D．By separating harmful cells from healthy ones. |
| A．Doubtful. | B．Subjective. | C．Cautious. | D．Favorable. |
| A．They’ll inspire a new line of research. |
| B．They’ll help strengthen the immune system. |
| C．They’ll have a wider range of application. |
| D．They’ll be a further proof of their concept. |
| A．A scientific invention treating deadly cancers. |
| B．Tiny swimming robots helping treat pneumonia. |
| C．A major breakthrough made in antibiotic research. |
| D．Microrobots employed in the engineering field. |
First aid is a kind of help
Now let's talk about first aid for burns. You have three layers of skin to protect
4 . NATURE has many ways of reminding us who is in charge. Her most deadly weapons — bacteria, viruses, and parasites (寄生虫) —claim millions of lives every year.
But thanks to the hard work of great scientists, mankind could turn nature against itself. And it is for exactly this sort of work that the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences awarded the 2015 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine on Oct 5.
Half of the prize was awarded to the Irish William Campbell and the Japanese Satoshi Ōmura for discovering avermectin (阿维菌素), a drug that kills the parasitic worms that cause river blindness and lymphatic filariasis (象皮病). Chinese scientist Tu Youyou shared the other half of the prize for developing Artemisinin, a drug that helps kill the parasite that causes malaria.
Ōmura is a microbiologist by training. He studied Streptomyces bacteria to find compounds (化合物) that work against harmful microbes (微生物). Campbell, working in the US, took bacteria found by Ōmura and took out avermectin, which is effective against parasites in farm animals. An improved type of avermectin was later produced for humans, which greatly reduced the cases of river blindness and lymphatic filariasis.
Avermectin comes from bacteria, but artemisinin comes from plants. Its discovery was the result of Project 523, a Chinese government project to find a new malaria drug in the late 1960s.
Malaria is a mosquito-borne disease caused by parasites, which attack red blood cells, causing fever, and sometimes, brain damage and death. Tu and her team made 380 herbal extracts from 2,000 recipes from traditional Chinese medical books. In 1971, after more than 190 failures, Tu’s team finally found an extract that was 100 percent effective against malaria parasites. It was called qinghaosu, later renamed artemisinin. In 2001, the World Health Organization named artemisinin the first choice in the treatment of malaria.
Millions of people are still troubled by infections caused by parasites. But the WHO said that by 2013, malaria deaths had fallen by 47 percent compared with 2000. Similarly, river blindness used to be one of the leading causes of preventable blindness. These days, doctors are talking about chances of wiping the disease off Earth. All of these achievements would not be possible at all without the drugs that Campbell, Ōmura and Tu helped to discover.
1. The drug Tu Youyou developed, artemisinin, has proven effective in treating ______.| A．river blindness |
| B．malaria |
| C．lymphatic filariasis |
| D．infections caused by Streptomyces bacteria |
| A．bacteria | B．plants | C．farm animals | D．ocean animals |
| A．It took Tu and her team about 10 years to discover artemisinin. |
| B．Tu and her team achieved success after about 380 failures. |
| C．Artemisinin has saved millions of people’s lives since its discovery. |
| D．Artemisinin was discovered thanks to the efforts of scientists from at home and abroad. |
