1 . In recent years, researchers of Cornell University’s Food and Brand Lab are studying how environmental factors influence many Americans to unnoticeably eat too much. Many people wrongly believe that factors like hunger or boredom and depression are the main causes of overeating, but their research has shown otherwise. It is thought that we overeat if the food is good or if we’re really hungry. In reality, those are two of the last things that determine how much we eat.

In one experiment, the researcher placed jars of candies in workers’ offices for a month. Then, he moved the candies 1.8 m away. The office workers ate five more candies each day when the jar was closer to them, equaling an additional 125 calories a day. It does not sound too bad, but add that up over a year and you will have gained 5.4 kg. “If something is visible, every time we see it, we have to make a decision: to eat it or not?” the researcher explained.

In the other experiment, moviegoers were given five-day-old popcorn, some in medium-size buckets, some in large buckets. The researcher found that moviegoers who had the larger buckets ate 53 percent more, despite its unpleasant taste. He believes that the distraction of the movie and hearing others eat the popcorn persuade people to keep eating.

The findings in other researches have shown that we tend to eat more when we use larger dishes, eat in front of the television, or dine with someone who eats a lot. Researchers of the lab advise a gradual approach in changing eating habits. People can cut a couple of hundred calories a day by doing things such as avoiding open food dishes at the office, using smaller serving bowls, sitting next to the slowest eater and being the last one to start eating.

1. What is the truth shown by the study?

A．We eat more when the food is good.

B．People tend to eat a lot when they dine out.

C．Feeling depressed leads us to overeat.

D．Hunger is not the key factor in overeating.

2. What can we learn from the two experiments?

A．People turn to more candies for more energy.

B．Office workers eat more candies due to visibility.

C．Moviegoers eat more popcorn because it is tasty.

D．People keep eating popcorn to enjoy the movie.

3. What is suggested in changing eating habits?

A．Dining with slim persons.	B．Eating while watching films
C．Using smaller dishes.	D．Starting eating earlier.

4. What is the purpose of the text?

A．To display a research process.

B．To instruct how to do research experiments.

C．To warn against overeating.

D．To advise being a mindful eater.

2 . The first time I questioned the conventional wisdom on the nature of a healthy diet, it was 40 years ago, and the subject was salt. Researchers claimed that salt supplementation (补充) was unnecessary after intense exercise, and this advice was passed on by health reporters. I recalled high school football practices in hot days. Without salt pills, I couldn’t make it through a two-hour practice.

Although sports nutritionists have recommended consuming more salt when we sweat hard in physical activity, the message that we should avoid salt at all other times remains strong. And salt is still considered fatal.

So why have we been told that salt is so deadly? The advice has always sounded reasonable: Eat more salt, and your body keeps water to maintain a stable concentration of sodium (钠) in your blood. This is why salty food tends to make us thirsty: We drink more; we keep water. The result can be a temporary increase in blood pressure. The scientific question is whether this temporary phenomenon leads to permanent problems: If we eat too much salt for years, does it raise our blood pressure, cause high blood pressure, then strokes, and then kill us? It makes sense, but it’s only a hypothesis (假设), which has never been proved but unfortunately upgraded to a fact.

In reality, eating less salt can worsen health. Decades ago, Italian researchers’ clinical trials reported that reducing salt consumption increased the risk of dying early and that reducing sodium to a government-recommended “safe upper limit” is actually harmful.

Supporters of the eat-less-salt campaign tend to deal with this confusing evidence by implying that anyone raising it is a shill (同谋) for the food industry (widely criticized for adding salt to processed foods to improve taste). When several government agencies held a hearing last November to discuss how to ensure Americans eat less salt, anti-salt supporters argued that the latest reports suggesting damage from lower-salt diets should simply be ignored. This attitude, which lacks respect for science, has been the norm for the anti-salt campaign for decades. Maybe now is the time for it to change.

1. What does the underlined phrase in Paragraph 1 refer to?

A．A man of high intelligence.	B．Knowledge learnt through work.
C．A belief that most people have.	D．Experience gained from sports.

2. What do the Italian researchers’ clinical trials indicate?

A．Eating less salt can pose a threat to our health.

B．Eating less salt can prevent us from dying early.

C．We need to eat relatively more salt on a daily basis.

D．We should follow the government policy and reduce salt intake.

3. What do the eat-less-salt campaigners do with the opposing evidence?

A．They publicly blame it on the food industry.

B．They suggest the food industry is behind it.

C．They report it to the government agencies.

D．They treat it with some respect.

4. Which is the writer’s attitude towards the anti-salt campaign?

A．Approving.

B．Indifferent.

C．Skeptical.

D．Neutral.

3 . We've all heard that breakfast is the most important meal of the day, and that may actually be true.     1     The following tips will help you really rise and shine.

    2     There's an old saying that advises “Eat breakfast like a king, lunch like a prince, and dinner like a beggar." It's worth following. According to a study, those who ate a balanced 700-calorie breakfast over a 12-week period lowered their blood pressure two times more than people who ate a 200-calorie meal.

Be boring.     3     But if you are watching your weight, you might want to stick with the same old menu. A 2014 British study found that people who allowed their breakfast calories to change frequently has larger waists and a higher risk of being unhealthy.

Calorie-control your smoothie （加奶果汁）. A smoothie might seem like a healthy option, especially when made from whole fruits rather than fruit juices. But more is not necessarily better.     4     Just one large banana, for instance, has 121 calories and 16. 6 grams of sugar.

Embrace fat, even dairy fat. Actually fat isn't the main enemy to weight-loss success -- sugar is. At least one quarter of the calories in your breakfast should come from fats. What's more, milk would be full of more nutrients by adding vitamin A and D, which are fat soluble （脂溶性）.    5    

A．Go big.

B．Follow the tradition.

C．Varying what you eat is a good idea in theory.

D．Sticking to a healthy diet is strongly suggested.

E．But it's not just when you eat, but what you eat that matters.

F．The calories and sugar add up when you mix too much of it with milk.

G．So you need more fat to help your body absorb those nutrients more efficiently.